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Questions and Answers
What is a potential drawback of cause-related marketing?
Which aspect is NOT associated with ethical advertising?
What does consumer protection legislation aim to address?
Which criticism is commonly associated with advertising?
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What is NOT a characteristic of ethical marketing?
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What does justice discriminate according to?
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What must a polis do to foster a good life according to the content?
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Why should individuals like Lincoln hold the highest political offices?
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What is necessary for one to become virtuous?
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What challenge is presented even when one has developed virtuous habits?
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What is a significant problem in the calculation process of utilitarianism?
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What does Mill propose as a method to address the shortcomings of traditional utilitarianism?
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Which of the following is a challenge related to autonomy in utilitarianism?
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Which statement reflects a concern regarding impartiality in utilitarianism?
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What does utilitarianism risk by striving to maximize happiness?
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Which issue arises from the focus on total quantity in utilitarian calculus?
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What moral dilemma does utilitarianism face regarding personal responsibility?
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What is a potential consequence of overcommitting to utilitarianism?
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What is a fundamental tenet of libertarianism regarding individual rights?
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What is an argument libertarians use against high tax rates?
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How do libertarians view redistributive taxes?
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What is the focus of distributive justice according to Nozick?
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What do libertarians believe about state regulation?
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What is one counterargument from libertarians regarding the necessity of taxation?
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According to libertarian logic, how is taxation fundamentally different from forced labor?
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What is one common objection to the libertarian view on taxation?
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What is a significant concern regarding subliminal advertising?
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What is one argument defenders of subliminal advertising make?
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Why are advertisements believed to perpetuate existing stereotypes?
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What is a primary goal of building brand loyalty in advertising?
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What principle states that sellers must fully reveal the quality of goods sold?
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Which ethical issue in marketing relates to targeting vulnerable population segments?
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What potential issue arises from predatory pricing strategies?
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What is a concern regarding product safety across different regions?
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What criticism is often directed at online advertisements with respect to consumer privacy?
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What does 'buyer beware' imply in the context of ethical marketing?
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Study Notes
Preferences
- Preferences are not fixed and require careful articulation.
Challenges to Utilitarianism
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Problems with Calculation
- Balancing different concerns in calculations is difficult.
- Utilitarianism focuses on total quantity, not distribution.
- It can lead to the harming of minorities.
- It doesn't address individual merit or responsibility.
- Concerns about individual welfare might lead to more sophisticated methods of quantifying human utility, but may not derail utilitarianism.
- There needs to be a point where enough has been done to fulfill moral requirements.
- Mill's Rule Utilitarianism:
- Emphasizes not hurting others to maximize happiness, regardless of immediate benefits.
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Autonomy
- Challenges the roots of sympathy and impartiality.
- Utilitarians may intervene in personal projects if they seem to detract from societal welfare.
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Impartiality
- Treating oneself and loved ones equally to strangers in calculations can be too demanding.
- Improving welfare can harm individuals’ right to choose their priorities.
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Agency
- Reluctance to be an agent of harm even if there’s a net benefit to society.
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Probabilities
- Many factors influence decision-making, often made under uncertainties.
- The way issues are presented affects moral intuitions.
- Framing of outcomes can also impact decision-making.
Libertarianism
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Fundamental Tenets:
- Everyone has a fundamental right to liberty, respecting others’ right to the same.
- Objections to taxes:
- High tax rates reduce incentives to work and invest.
- Taxing the rich to help the poor violates a fundamental right.
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Government Vision:
- No paternalism: Laws interfering with individual risk choices are unacceptable.
- No moral legislation: Opposing government promotion of virtue by the majority.
- No redistribution of income or wealth: Redistributive taxes are seen as coercion and theft.
Free Market Philosophy (Nozick)
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State Regulation:
- Limited to enforcing contracts and protecting from force, theft, and fraud.
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Distributive Justice:
- Depends on justice in initial holdings and transfer, not income equality.
- Entitlement to what one has, unless consent is given for the state to take it away.
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Problems with Usual Theories of Distributive Justice:
- Continuous intervention in the free market undoes people’s choices.
- Violates individual personal rights.
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Crux of Libertarianism:
- Self-ownership: Individuals own themselves and their labor, including its fruits.
Objections to Libertarian Logic
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Taxation vs. Forced Labor:
- Taxation allows for choice (work less and be taxed less), unlike forced labor.
- Libertarian counter: State should not force such choices.
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Poor Need Money More:
- Doesn’t change the fact that taxation is still stealing.
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Justice and Merit:
- Justice discriminates based on merit and relevant excellence, allowing individuals to best realize the purpose of the good.
- To determine just distribution, one needs to understand the “telos” (purpose) of the good being distributed.
- Moral desert: deserving something good or bad.
Politics
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Purpose:
- Learning to live a good life.
- Encouraging goodness.
- Recognizing and rewarding civil virtue in political leaders, recognizing their role in shaping the community.
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Human Nature:
- Politics helps humans fulfill their nature through participation in a polis (community).
Virtues
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Development:
- Acquired through practice, habit, and virtuous behavior.
- May be challenged in unfamiliar situations.
Subliminal Advertising
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Problematic:
- Encourages buying unnecessary products, contradicting the consensual nature of transactions.
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Defenders:
- Ads have no subliminal powers; people are taken in because they want to be.
- Humans have the ability to reason, challenging coercion claims.
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Externalities:
- Certain products (tobacco, alcohol) have adverse impacts on third parties, even if the contracting parties benefit.
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Disguised Ads:
- Ads disguising themselves as opinions/commentary conflate information and persuasion.
Stereotypes and Prejudice in Advertisements
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Responsibility of Advertisers:
- Advertisers may not be responsible for creating stereotypes, as they might already exist in society.
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Targeting Audience:
- Ads use stereotypes to reach specific audiences.
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Perpetuation:
- Ads can reinforce and perpetuate existing negative stereotyes/prejudice.
Building Brand Loyalty and Culture
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Main Objective of Ads:
- Build brand loyalty and culture.
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Brand Growth:
- Brands become intertwined with the lifestyles they promote.
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Product Differentiation:
- Enables differentiation of functionally similar products.
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Moral Implications:
- Branding may be objectionable when the product is harmful and reinforces negative effects.
- Branding creates promises and consumer expectations.
Advertising Codes and Voluntary Compliance
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ICC Code:
- A voluntary model adopted by many countries.
Marketing
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Moral Foundation:
- Based on the consensual nature of transactions.
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Fairness:
- Impacts fairness by requiring available and appropriate information for meaningful choice.
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Information Maxims:
- Buyer Beware: Buyers judge the quality of goods when no representation is made by sellers.
- Seller Beware: Sellers fully disclose the quality of goods sold.
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Ethical Principles:
- Effects and value of marketing on consumers.
- How marketing practices benefit marketers themselves.
Ethical Issues in Marketing
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Product:
- Manufacturers should minimize harm from products throughout their lifecycle.
- Moral obligation to market only products with newer technology, even if older products are more profitable.
- Product safety across regions.
- Product labeling and dating: what information should be included.
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Pricing:
- Monopoly creation to undermine the free market.
- Predatory pricing.
- Discount gimmicks.
- Price gouging.
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Promotion:
- Intrusive and time-consuming direct marketing.
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Place:
- Targeted marketing: marketing to specific market segments based on shared characteristics, including marketing to vulnerable populations.
Online Advertisements and Consumer Privacy
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Responsibilities of Internet Service Providers:
- What are their responsibilities for sourcing and tracking information in automated processes?
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Privacy Challenges:
- Security breaches pose a threat to privacy protection.
Consumer Protection Legislation
- Non-voluntary compared to codes.
- Consumer protection acts.
Ethical Marketing
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Strategies:
- Geared towards social or public good.
- Encourage fair trade products.
- Cause-related marketing (potential drawbacks: consumer unawareness, lack of personal connection).
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Ethical Advertising:
- Truthful, fair, and equitable in messaging and consumer experience.
- Honest, accurate, and respects human dignity.
- Considers the advertising environment and potential for data bias in analytics.
Why We Need Advertising
- To effectively distribute and consume goods and services.
Criticisms of Advertising
- Destroys choice and autonomy.
- Manipulates actual interests and needs.
- Promotes materialism and consumerism.
- Utilitarianism vs. Kant.
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Description
Explore the various challenges faced by utilitarianism, including issues with calculation, autonomy, and impartiality. This quiz delves into the implications of Mill's Rule Utilitarianism and its stance on individual welfare versus societal benefits. Test your understanding of these fundamental concepts in ethics.
