Ch. 7 Urinary System Disorders Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What causes acute or chronic cystitis?

Fungal infections

Viral infections

Parasitic infections

Bacterial infections (correct)

What is a cystectomy?

Surgical removal of urinary bladder.

What is cystostomy?

An opening is made in the urinary bladder for catheter drainage.

What is nephroptosis?

Downward displacement of a kidney. Signup and view all the answers

What is pyelolithotomy?

Removal of a large calculus contributing to blockage of urine flow. Signup and view all the answers

What does renal colic refer to?

Intermittent spasms of pain caused by kidney or ureter stones. Signup and view all the answers

What is ureterolithotomy?

Surgery to remove stones from the ureter. Signup and view all the answers

What is urethritis?

Inflammation of the urethra. Signup and view all the answers

What is cystoscopy?

Visual examination of the urinary bladder. Signup and view all the answers

What does albuminuria indicate?

Presence of albumin in urine, suggesting kidney malfunction. Signup and view all the answers

What does azotemia refer to?

High levels of nitrogen in the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is bacteriuria?

Presence of bacteria in the urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is polydipsia?

Excessive thirst. Signup and view all the answers

What is ketosis?

A condition with ketone bodies in the urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is nephrolithiasis?

Formation of kidney stones. Signup and view all the answers

What is pyuria?

Presence of pus during urination. Signup and view all the answers

What does uremia signify?

Urine in the blood, indicating kidney failure. Signup and view all the answers

What is diuresis?

Increased excretion of urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is ADH?

Antidiuretic hormone regulating water reabsorption. Signup and view all the answers

What is urinary incontinence?

Loss of control over urination. Signup and view all the answers

What causes dysuria?

Painful or difficult urination. Signup and view all the answers

What is hematuria?

Presence of blood in urine. Signup and view all the answers

What signifies glycosuria?

Glucose in the urine. Signup and view all the answers

What does polyuria indicate?

Excessive urination. Signup and view all the answers

What is PKU?

Phenylketonuria, a condition affecting amino acid metabolism. Signup and view all the answers

What does acute/chronic glomerulonephritis involve?

Inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?

Presence of multiple fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. Signup and view all the answers

What defines renal failure?

Impaired filtration function leading to waste accumulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is renal hypertension?

High blood pressure due to kidney disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is diabetes insipidus?

Condition characterized by large amounts of dilute urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is diabetes mellitus?

A condition where insulin is not adequately secreted. Signup and view all the answers

What does the creatinine clearance test measure?

The rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidneys. Signup and view all the answers

What does KUB stand for?

Kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Signup and view all the answers

What is a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)?

X-ray of the urinary bladder and urethra during voiding. Signup and view all the answers

What is ultrasonography?

Imaging of urinary tract structures using sound waves. Signup and view all the answers

What is renal dialysis?

Process of separating waste materials from the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is renal transplantation?

Surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient. Signup and view all the answers

What is urinary catheterization?

Passage of a flexible tube through the urethra into the bladder. Signup and view all the answers

What does a urinalysis check for?

Abnormal elements in the urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?

An infection affecting any part of the urinary system. Signup and view all the answers

What is an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)?

X-ray of the renal pelvis and urinary tract. Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperuricemia indicate?

High levels of uric acid in the blood. Signup and view all the answers

What is pyleolithiasis?

Condition of stones in the renal pelvis. Signup and view all the answers

What is renal cell carcinoma?

Cancer of the kidney. Signup and view all the answers

What does renal ischemia refer to?

Lack of blood supply to the kidney. Signup and view all the answers

What is nephrosclerosis?

Hardening of the walls of small arteries in the kidney. Signup and view all the answers

What is a renal scan?

Measurement of kidney function using radioactive material. Signup and view all the answers

What does proteinuria indicate?

Excess protein in the urine. Signup and view all the answers

What is toxicity?

The degree when a substance can damage an organism. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acute/Chronic Cystitis

Bacterial infections commonly cause cystitis, manifested in acute (blood in urine) or chronic forms.
Red and swollen mucosa in the bladder is characteristic.
Women are more affected due to shorter urethra, facilitating bacterial colonization.

Cystectomy

The surgical removal of the urinary bladder is indicated for various medical conditions.

Cystostomy

An opening in the bladder from outside the body allows for catheter placement for urine drainage.

Nephroptosis

Refers to the downward displacement of the kidney; nephropexy is the surgical correction.

Pyelolithotomy

Surgical removal of large kidney stones blocking urine flow involves opening the renal pelvis.

Renal Colic

Intermittent pain from kidney or ureter stones caused by inflammation and distention.

Ureterolithotomy

After cystectomy, a segment of the ileum is used to create a pouch for urine storage, functioning as a bladder substitute.

Urethritis

Inflammation of the urethra, often related to infection or irritation.

Cystoscopy

A procedure conducted to visually examine the interior of the urinary bladder.

Albuminuria/Hypoalbuminemia

Presence of protein in urine suggests kidney malfunction; low albumin levels in blood indicate hypoalbuminemia.

Azotemia/BUN

High nitrogen levels in blood (azotemia) indicated by elevated BUN can lead to serious health issues.

Bacteriuria

The presence of bacteria in urine typically signals a urinary tract infection (UTI); C&S testing identifies effective antibiotics.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst often points to diabetes insipidus or mellitus.

Ketosis/Ketonuria

Presence of ketone bodies in urine; sweet-flavored breath indicates potential ketoacidosis.

Nephrolithiasis/Lithotripsy/Nephrolithotomy

Kidney stones or renal calculi can require lithotripsy to break them or nephrolithotomy for removal.

Pyuria

The presence of pus in urine suggests infection, often related to UTIs.

Uremia

Toxic state caused by nitrogenous waste accumulation in blood when kidneys fail.

Diuresis/Diuretic

Increased urine production is often induced by substances like caffeine and alcohol.

ADH/Vasopressin

The antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary promotes renal tubules' water reabsorption.

Urinary Incontinence/Retention

Incontinence refers to loss of urine control; retention occurs when urine flow is blocked.

Dysuria/Anuria

Dysuria replaces painful urination while anuria signifies reduced or absent urination.

Hematuria

Blood in urine can be classified as microhematuria (microscopic) or gross hematuria (visible).

Glycosuria/Hyperglycemia

The presence of glucose in urine is typical in individuals with diabetes mellitus.

Polyuria

Excessive urination, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus and insipidus.

PKU (Phenylketonuria)

A rare genetic disorder in infants leads to phenylalanine accumulation, can cause mental defects.

Acute/Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Kidney glomeruli inflammation can result from infections, causing various symptoms including hematuria.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

Hereditary condition characterized by numerous cysts, leading to progressive renal failure.

Renal Failure (ARF/CKD)

Impaired waste excretion defines renal failure; classified into acute and chronic forms based on progression.

Renal Hypertension

Elevated blood pressure due to kidney disease, contributing to significant health risks.

Diabetes Insipidus

Condition marked by insufficient ADH activity, leading to large volumes of dilute urine.

Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM/NIDDM)

Insufficient insulin production or resistance results in high blood sugar and related symptoms.

Creatinine Clearance Test

Measures the kidney's efficiency in filtering creatinine, helping assess glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

KUB

X-ray examination of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to assess their size and position.

Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)

X-ray imaging of the bladder and urethra during urination, indicating possible abnormalities.

Ultrasonography

Imaging technique using sound waves to evaluate various urinary tract conditions.

Renal Dialysis (HD/PD)

Process to remove waste from blood using artificial methods; includes hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis techniques.

Renal Transplantation

Surgical procedure to replace a failing kidney with a donor's healthy kidney, often yielding high success rates.

Urinary Catheterization (Cath)

Inserting a catheter into the bladder for urinary drainage, used for short or long-term management.

UA (Urinalysis)

Comprehensive evaluation of urine characteristics to detect chemical and physical abnormalities.

UTI

Infection of the urinary tract, commonly requiring medical intervention.

IVP

Intravenous pyelogram performed to visualize the urinary system and assess kidney function.

Hyperuricemia

High blood uric acid levels, often associated with gout or kidney issues.

Pyleolithiasis

Condition characterized by kidney stones specifically located in the renal pelvis.

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)

Most common type of kidney cancer in adults, often treated through surgical removal of the affected tissue.

Renal Ischemia

Insufficient blood supply to the kidneys caused by narrowed or blocked vessels.

Nephrosclerosis

Hardening of renal artery walls, frequently linked to hypertension, can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).

Renal Scan

Assessment of kidney function using radiological techniques to detect abnormalities or functional impairment.

Proteinuria

Excess protein in urine may indicate glomerular disease or tubular dysfunction.

Toxicity

The potential harm a substance poses to an organism, relevant in various medical and environmental contexts.

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Description

Test your knowledge on urinary system disorders with these flashcards. Focus on acute and chronic cystitis, including causes, symptoms, and the demographic differences in occurrences. Improve your understanding of bacterial infections related to urinary health.