Questions and Answers
What causes acute or chronic cystitis?
What is a cystectomy?
Surgical removal of urinary bladder.
What is cystostomy?
An opening is made in the urinary bladder for catheter drainage.
What is nephroptosis?
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What is pyelolithotomy?
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What does renal colic refer to?
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What is ureterolithotomy?
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What is urethritis?
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What is cystoscopy?
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What does albuminuria indicate?
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What does azotemia refer to?
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What is bacteriuria?
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What is polydipsia?
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What is ketosis?
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What is nephrolithiasis?
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What is pyuria?
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What does uremia signify?
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What is diuresis?
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What is ADH?
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What is urinary incontinence?
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What causes dysuria?
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What is hematuria?
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What signifies glycosuria?
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What does polyuria indicate?
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What is PKU?
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What does acute/chronic glomerulonephritis involve?
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What characterizes polycystic kidney disease (PKD)?
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What defines renal failure?
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What is renal hypertension?
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What is diabetes insipidus?
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What is diabetes mellitus?
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What does the creatinine clearance test measure?
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What does KUB stand for?
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What is a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)?
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What is ultrasonography?
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What is renal dialysis?
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What is renal transplantation?
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What is urinary catheterization?
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What does a urinalysis check for?
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What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
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What is an intravenous pyelogram (IVP)?
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What does hyperuricemia indicate?
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What is pyleolithiasis?
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What is renal cell carcinoma?
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What does renal ischemia refer to?
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What is nephrosclerosis?
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What is a renal scan?
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What does proteinuria indicate?
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What is toxicity?
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Study Notes
Acute/Chronic Cystitis
- Bacterial infections commonly cause cystitis, manifested in acute (blood in urine) or chronic forms.
- Red and swollen mucosa in the bladder is characteristic.
- Women are more affected due to shorter urethra, facilitating bacterial colonization.
Cystectomy
- The surgical removal of the urinary bladder is indicated for various medical conditions.
Cystostomy
- An opening in the bladder from outside the body allows for catheter placement for urine drainage.
Nephroptosis
- Refers to the downward displacement of the kidney; nephropexy is the surgical correction.
Pyelolithotomy
- Surgical removal of large kidney stones blocking urine flow involves opening the renal pelvis.
Renal Colic
- Intermittent pain from kidney or ureter stones caused by inflammation and distention.
Ureterolithotomy
- After cystectomy, a segment of the ileum is used to create a pouch for urine storage, functioning as a bladder substitute.
Urethritis
- Inflammation of the urethra, often related to infection or irritation.
Cystoscopy
- A procedure conducted to visually examine the interior of the urinary bladder.
Albuminuria/Hypoalbuminemia
- Presence of protein in urine suggests kidney malfunction; low albumin levels in blood indicate hypoalbuminemia.
Azotemia/BUN
- High nitrogen levels in blood (azotemia) indicated by elevated BUN can lead to serious health issues.
Bacteriuria
- The presence of bacteria in urine typically signals a urinary tract infection (UTI); C&S testing identifies effective antibiotics.
Polydipsia
- Excessive thirst often points to diabetes insipidus or mellitus.
Ketosis/Ketonuria
- Presence of ketone bodies in urine; sweet-flavored breath indicates potential ketoacidosis.
Nephrolithiasis/Lithotripsy/Nephrolithotomy
- Kidney stones or renal calculi can require lithotripsy to break them or nephrolithotomy for removal.
Pyuria
- The presence of pus in urine suggests infection, often related to UTIs.
Uremia
- Toxic state caused by nitrogenous waste accumulation in blood when kidneys fail.
Diuresis/Diuretic
- Increased urine production is often induced by substances like caffeine and alcohol.
ADH/Vasopressin
- The antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary promotes renal tubules' water reabsorption.
Urinary Incontinence/Retention
- Incontinence refers to loss of urine control; retention occurs when urine flow is blocked.
Dysuria/Anuria
- Dysuria replaces painful urination while anuria signifies reduced or absent urination.
Hematuria
- Blood in urine can be classified as microhematuria (microscopic) or gross hematuria (visible).
Glycosuria/Hyperglycemia
- The presence of glucose in urine is typical in individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Polyuria
- Excessive urination, commonly associated with diabetes mellitus and insipidus.
PKU (Phenylketonuria)
- A rare genetic disorder in infants leads to phenylalanine accumulation, can cause mental defects.
Acute/Chronic Glomerulonephritis
- Kidney glomeruli inflammation can result from infections, causing various symptoms including hematuria.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)
- Hereditary condition characterized by numerous cysts, leading to progressive renal failure.
Renal Failure (ARF/CKD)
- Impaired waste excretion defines renal failure; classified into acute and chronic forms based on progression.
Renal Hypertension
- Elevated blood pressure due to kidney disease, contributing to significant health risks.
Diabetes Insipidus
- Condition marked by insufficient ADH activity, leading to large volumes of dilute urine.
Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM/NIDDM)
- Insufficient insulin production or resistance results in high blood sugar and related symptoms.
Creatinine Clearance Test
- Measures the kidney's efficiency in filtering creatinine, helping assess glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
KUB
- X-ray examination of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to assess their size and position.
Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
- X-ray imaging of the bladder and urethra during urination, indicating possible abnormalities.
Ultrasonography
- Imaging technique using sound waves to evaluate various urinary tract conditions.
Renal Dialysis (HD/PD)
- Process to remove waste from blood using artificial methods; includes hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis techniques.
Renal Transplantation
- Surgical procedure to replace a failing kidney with a donor's healthy kidney, often yielding high success rates.
Urinary Catheterization (Cath)
- Inserting a catheter into the bladder for urinary drainage, used for short or long-term management.
UA (Urinalysis)
- Comprehensive evaluation of urine characteristics to detect chemical and physical abnormalities.
UTI
- Infection of the urinary tract, commonly requiring medical intervention.
IVP
- Intravenous pyelogram performed to visualize the urinary system and assess kidney function.
Hyperuricemia
- High blood uric acid levels, often associated with gout or kidney issues.
Pyleolithiasis
- Condition characterized by kidney stones specifically located in the renal pelvis.
Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
- Most common type of kidney cancer in adults, often treated through surgical removal of the affected tissue.
Renal Ischemia
- Insufficient blood supply to the kidneys caused by narrowed or blocked vessels.
Nephrosclerosis
- Hardening of renal artery walls, frequently linked to hypertension, can lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
Renal Scan
- Assessment of kidney function using radiological techniques to detect abnormalities or functional impairment.
Proteinuria
- Excess protein in urine may indicate glomerular disease or tubular dysfunction.
Toxicity
- The potential harm a substance poses to an organism, relevant in various medical and environmental contexts.
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Test your knowledge on urinary system disorders with these flashcards. Focus on acute and chronic cystitis, including causes, symptoms, and the demographic differences in occurrences. Improve your understanding of bacterial infections related to urinary health.