Ch. 29 - Pharmacology & Pharmacy Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is a nutraceutical?

  • A drug that is soluble in water
  • A drug that activates a receptor
  • A non-drug substance administered orally (correct)
  • A type of controlled substance

    • What is the definition of an agonist?

    A drug that activates a receptor, producing the same action as an endogenous substrate.

    What does hydrophilic mean?

  • Soluble in fat
  • Water resistant
  • A type of drug
  • Soluble in water (correct)

    • What is meant by efficacy in pharmacology?

    <p>A drug's capacity, once bound to its receptor, to produce an effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is therapeutic drug monitoring?

    <p>The periodic measurement of the amount of a drug in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define pharmacodynamics.

    <p>What the drug does to the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does extra label drug use refer to?

    <p>Using a formulation of human insulin to treat type 1 diabetes in a dog.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does parenteral mean?

    <p>The administration of a drug by injection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an antagonist?

    <p>Naloxone is one of these within the opioid family of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the amount of drug administered equals the amount of drug eliminated, the blood level is said to have reached ____________ _______________.

    <p>steady state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a therapeutic blood level?

    <p>A drug will be expected to have the desired effect when the concentration in the bloodstream is within this level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is half-life in pharmacology?

    <p>The time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does lipophilic mean?

    <p>Absorption across cell membranes is more efficient for these drugs than for hydrophilic drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define bioavailability.

    <p>A measure of the percentage of a drug dose that reaches the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is biotransformation?

    <p>The chemical modification of a drug by the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a prescription drug?

    <p>Another name for an Rx drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is drug compounding?

    <p>Preparation of a flavored suspension of metronidazole to facilitate accurate oral dosing in a cat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are dose-dependent drug reactions?

    <p>Predictable reactions to a drug that increase as the drug dose increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are idiosyncratic drug reactions?

    <p>Unpredictable reactions to a drug, often associated with an immune system response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)?

    <p>An amendment of the FFD&amp;C Act that allows extra label drug use for veterinary species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) do?

    <p>Regulates the manufacture and distribution of drugs, food, additives, and medical devices for veterinary species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)?

    <p>Categorizes controlled substances into five schedules based on their potential for abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mission of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?

    <p>Overseeing and regulating pesticides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFD&CA) regulate?

    <p>The federal law regulating drug approval, use, safety, and efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (FDA CVM)?

    <p>Through which adverse drug events can be reported to identify post-approval drug risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which agency regulates veterinary biologics?

    <p>U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) - National Formulary (NF)?

    <p>The official legal drug compendium for the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)?

    <p>A compilation of information about veterinary drugs and biologics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for chemotherapy drugs?

    <p>Neoplastic diseases (cancer).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions are treated with Mitotane or trilostane?

    <p>Hyperadrenocorticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are immunosuppressive drugs used for?

    <p>Immune-mediated diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication of ACE inhibitors?

    <p>Vasodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antibiotics used to treat?

    <p>Bacterial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition do glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids treat?

    <p>Hypoadrenocorticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drugs treat hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Methimazole or radioactive iodide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are anticoagulants used?

    <p>For the prevention of life-threatening thrombi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antitussives prescribed for?

    <p>Respiratory conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is treated with insulin?

    <p>Diabetes mellitus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are antihypertensive drugs used for?

    <p>High blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of anticonvulsants?

    <p>Epilepsy &amp; seizure disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are antiparasitics used?

    <p>For GI nematode and arthropod infestations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions do NSAIDs treat?

    <p>Inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are diuretics used?

    <p>For edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is treated with L-thyroxine?

    <p>Hypothyroidism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indication do antifungal drugs address?

    <p>Dermatophyte infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do inotropic agents improve?

    <p>Contractility of cardiac muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do antiarrhythmics control?

    <p>Heart rhythm abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reaction is associated with an immune-system response?

    <p>Idiosyncratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions occur at standard and inappropriate doses?

    <p>Both dose-dependent and idiosyncratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions are unpredictable?

    <p>Idiosyncratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reaction treatment requires drug avoidance?

    <p>Idiosyncratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reaction may be prevented by therapeutic drug monitoring?

    <p>Dose-dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions affect all members of a species?

    <p>Dose-dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions are not dose dependent?

    <p>Idiosyncratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions are not related to the action of the drug?

    <p>Idiosyncratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions are predictable?

    <p>Dose-dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions often affect more than one species?

    <p>Dose-dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions are not prevented by therapeutic drug monitoring?

    <p>Idiosyncratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions may or may not be related to the action of the drug?

    <p>Dose-dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions occur after several days of treatment?

    <p>Idiosyncratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions may or may not affect multiple species?

    <p>Idiosyncratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions are more severe at higher doses?

    <p>Dose-dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions often respond to dose reduction?

    <p>Dose-dependent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reactions affect a small portion of treated animals?

    <p>Idiosyncratic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does cephalexin belong to?

    <p>Cephalosporins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does marbofloxacin belong to?

    <p>Fluoroquinolones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does oxytetracycline belong to?

    <p>Tetracyclines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does amikacin belong to?

    <p>Aminoglycosides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does sulfamethoxazole belong to?

    <p>Sulfonamides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does ampicillin belong to?

    <p>Penicillins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does metronidazole belong to?

    <p>Nitroimidazoles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does tilmicosin belong to?

    <p>Macrolides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does florfenicol belong to?

    <p>Amphenicols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does gentamicin belong to?

    <p>Aminoglycosides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does amoxicillin belong to?

    <p>Penicillins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does cefpodoxime belong to?

    <p>Cephalosporins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does tylosin belong to?

    <p>Macrolides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does enrofloxacin belong to?

    <p>Fluoroquinolones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does erythromycin belong to?

    <p>Macrolides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does trimethoprim belong to?

    <p>Potentiated sulfonamides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does Azithromycin belong to?

    <p>Macrolides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does Lincomycin belong to?

    <p>Lincosamides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does clindamycin belong to?

    <p>Lincosamides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drug class does doxycycline belong to?

    <p>Tetracyclines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the use of Benazepril?

    <p>Functions as a vasodilator by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are NSAIDs used for?

    <p>Suppresses prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclooxygenase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Digitoxin used for?

    <p>Increases the strength of heart muscle contraction by inhibiting Na+/K+/ATPase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is organophosphate used for?

    <p>Prevents metabolism of acetylcholine by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is apomorphine used for?

    <p>Produces sedation as a dopamine receptor agonist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is trimethoprim used for?

    <p>Prevents synthesis of folate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is furosemide used for?

    <p>Prevents sodium and water reabsorption by inhibiting the Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in the loop of Henle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are pyrethrins used for?

    <p>Blockade of fast sodium channels, leading to slow action potential conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is famotidine used for?

    <p>Histamine antagonist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is heparin used for?

    <p>Interferes with clot formation by inhibiting the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aspirin used for?

    <p>Interferes with clot formation by inhibiting the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is enalapril used for?

    <p>Functions as a vasodilator by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is omeprazole used for?

    <p>Proton pump inhibitor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sulfamethoxazole used for?

    <p>Inhibits bacterial production of folic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diphenhydramine used for?

    <p>Binds to histamine receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lidocaine used for?

    <p>Blockade of fast sodium channels, leading to slow action potential conduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pharmacology and Pharmacy Key Terms

    • Nutraceutical: A non-drug substance administered orally to support normal body function, improving animal health.
    • Agonist: A drug that activates a receptor, mimicking the action of an endogenous substrate.
    • Hydrophilic: Refers to substances that dissolve easily in water.
    • Efficacy: The ability of a drug to produce a desired effect upon binding to its receptor.
    • Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Involves periodic measurement of drug levels in the bloodstream to ensure efficacy and safety.
    • Pharmacodynamics: Refers to what a drug does to the body, encompassing the effects and mechanisms of action.
    • Extra Label Use: The use of drugs in a manner not specified in the approved labeling, such as using human insulin for treating diabetes in dogs.
    • Parenteral: Refers to the administration of drugs via injection rather than orally.
    • Antagonist: A substance, like Naloxone, that blocks the action of a substance (e.g., opioids) at a receptor.
    • Steady State: When drug administration equals elimination, leading to a constant blood concentration of the drug.
    • Therapeutic Blood Level: The optimal concentration of a drug in the bloodstream for it to be effective without causing adverse effects.
    • Half Life: The duration it takes for the drug concentration in the body to reduce by half, critical for determining dosing intervals.
    • Lipophilic: Refers to substances that are efficiently absorbed across cell membranes due to their affinity for lipids.
    • Bioavailability: The percentage of an administered drug dose that reaches systemic circulation and is available for therapeutic effect.
    • Biotransformation: The process by which the body chemically alters a drug.
    • Prescription (Rx): A legal authorization for a drug to be dispensed.
    • Drug Compounding: The preparation of personalized medications, such as flavored formulations for easier administration.
    • Dose Dependent: Reactions that are predictable and increase in likelihood with increased drug dosage.
    • Idiosyncratic Reactions: Unpredictable reactions that occur after several days of treatment, often linked to immune system responses.

    Regulatory Bodies

    • Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA): Allows extra-label drug use in veterinary medicine under specific conditions.
    • Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM): Regulatory body overseeing drugs, food, and devices for veterinary use.
    • Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA): Categorizes controlled substances into five schedules based on abuse potential.
    • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Oversees and regulates pesticides.
    • Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFD&CA): Governs drug approval and safety standards.
    • U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA): Regulates veterinary biologics.
    • U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) - National Formulary (NF): The official compendium of drug substances and formulations in the United States.

    Drug Classes and Indications

    • Chemotherapy Drugs: Used for treating neoplastic diseases (cancer).
    • Mitotane or Trilostane: Indicated for hyperadrenocorticism.
    • Immunosuppressive Drugs: Used for immune-mediated diseases.
    • ACE Inhibitors: Indicated for vasodilation, improving blood flow.
    • Antibiotics: Treat bacterial infections.
    • Glucocorticoids and Mineralcorticoids: Indicated for treating hypoadrenocorticism.
    • Methimazole or Radioactive Iodide: Used to manage hyperthyroidism.
    • Anticoagulants: Prevent life-threatening thrombus formation.
    • Antitussives: Treat respiratory conditions.
    • Insulin: Essential for managing diabetes mellitus.
    • Antihypertensives: Used for controlling high blood pressure.
    • Anticonvulsants: Manage epilepsy and seizure disorders.
    • Antiparasitics: Treat GI nematode and arthropod infestations.
    • NSAIDs: Alleviate inflammation.
    • Diuretics: Used for managing edema.
    • L-Thyroxine: Treats hypothyroidism.
    • Antifungal Drugs: Indicated for dermatophyte infections.
    • Inotropic Agents: Improve cardiac muscle contractility.
    • Antiarrhythmics: Control heart rhythm abnormalities.

    Specific Drug Uses

    • Benazepril: Vasodilator inhibiting ACE.
    • NSAIDs: Inhibit cyclooxygenase, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.
    • Digitoxin: Enhances cardiac muscle contraction by inhibiting Na+/K+/ATPase.
    • Organophosphate: Blocks metabolism of acetylcholine via acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
    • Apomorphine: Induces sedation as a dopamine receptor agonist.
    • Trimethoprim: Inhibits folate synthesis in bacteria.
    • Furosemide: Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter, reducing sodium and water reabsorption.
    • Pyrethrins: Block fast sodium channels to slow action potential conduction.
    • Famotidine: Acts as a histamine antagonist.
    • Heparin/Aspirin: Both inhibit clot formation by affecting prothrombin to thrombin conversion.
    • Enalapril: Another ACE inhibitor acting as a vasodilator.
    • Omeprazole: Functions as a proton pump inhibitor.
    • Sulfamethoxazole: Blocks bacterial folic acid production.
    • Diphenhydramine: Binds to histamine receptors, counteracting allergic responses.
    • Lidocaine: Prevents action potential conduction by blocking fast sodium channels.

    Drug Reaction Types

    • Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions: Unpredictable, often immune-related, affecting a minority of patients.
    • Dose-dependent Drug Reactions: Predictable, severity increases with dosage, often manageable through monitoring and dosage adjustment.

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