Questions and Answers
What is a nutraceutical?
What is the definition of an agonist?
A drug that activates a receptor, producing the same action as an endogenous substrate.
What does hydrophilic mean?
What is meant by efficacy in pharmacology?
Signup and view all the answers
What is therapeutic drug monitoring?
Signup and view all the answers
Define pharmacodynamics.
Signup and view all the answers
What does extra label drug use refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
What does parenteral mean?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an antagonist?
Signup and view all the answers
When the amount of drug administered equals the amount of drug eliminated, the blood level is said to have reached ____________ _______________.
Signup and view all the answers
What is a therapeutic blood level?
Signup and view all the answers
What is half-life in pharmacology?
Signup and view all the answers
What does lipophilic mean?
Signup and view all the answers
Define bioavailability.
Signup and view all the answers
What is biotransformation?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a prescription drug?
Signup and view all the answers
What is drug compounding?
Signup and view all the answers
What are dose-dependent drug reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What are idiosyncratic drug reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) do?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the mission of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFD&CA) regulate?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (FDA CVM)?
Signup and view all the answers
Which agency regulates veterinary biologics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) - National Formulary (NF)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the indication for chemotherapy drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
What conditions are treated with Mitotane or trilostane?
Signup and view all the answers
What are immunosuppressive drugs used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the indication of ACE inhibitors?
Signup and view all the answers
What are antibiotics used to treat?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition do glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids treat?
Signup and view all the answers
What drugs treat hyperthyroidism?
Signup and view all the answers
When are anticoagulants used?
Signup and view all the answers
What are antitussives prescribed for?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is treated with insulin?
Signup and view all the answers
What are antihypertensive drugs used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the use of anticonvulsants?
Signup and view all the answers
When are antiparasitics used?
Signup and view all the answers
What conditions do NSAIDs treat?
Signup and view all the answers
When are diuretics used?
Signup and view all the answers
What condition is treated with L-thyroxine?
Signup and view all the answers
What indication do antifungal drugs address?
Signup and view all the answers
What do inotropic agents improve?
Signup and view all the answers
What do antiarrhythmics control?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reaction is associated with an immune-system response?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions occur at standard and inappropriate doses?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions are unpredictable?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reaction treatment requires drug avoidance?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reaction may be prevented by therapeutic drug monitoring?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions affect all members of a species?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions are not dose dependent?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions are not related to the action of the drug?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions are predictable?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions often affect more than one species?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions are not prevented by therapeutic drug monitoring?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions may or may not be related to the action of the drug?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions occur after several days of treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions may or may not affect multiple species?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions are more severe at higher doses?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions often respond to dose reduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of drug reactions affect a small portion of treated animals?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does cephalexin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does marbofloxacin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does oxytetracycline belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does amikacin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does sulfamethoxazole belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does ampicillin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does metronidazole belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does tilmicosin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does florfenicol belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does gentamicin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does amoxicillin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does cefpodoxime belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does tylosin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does enrofloxacin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does erythromycin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does trimethoprim belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does Azithromycin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does Lincomycin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does clindamycin belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What drug class does doxycycline belong to?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the use of Benazepril?
Signup and view all the answers
What are NSAIDs used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is Digitoxin used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is organophosphate used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is apomorphine used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is trimethoprim used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is furosemide used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What are pyrethrins used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is famotidine used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is heparin used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is aspirin used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is enalapril used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is omeprazole used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is sulfamethoxazole used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is diphenhydramine used for?
Signup and view all the answers
What is lidocaine used for?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Pharmacology and Pharmacy Key Terms
- Nutraceutical: A non-drug substance administered orally to support normal body function, improving animal health.
- Agonist: A drug that activates a receptor, mimicking the action of an endogenous substrate.
- Hydrophilic: Refers to substances that dissolve easily in water.
- Efficacy: The ability of a drug to produce a desired effect upon binding to its receptor.
- Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Involves periodic measurement of drug levels in the bloodstream to ensure efficacy and safety.
- Pharmacodynamics: Refers to what a drug does to the body, encompassing the effects and mechanisms of action.
- Extra Label Use: The use of drugs in a manner not specified in the approved labeling, such as using human insulin for treating diabetes in dogs.
- Parenteral: Refers to the administration of drugs via injection rather than orally.
- Antagonist: A substance, like Naloxone, that blocks the action of a substance (e.g., opioids) at a receptor.
- Steady State: When drug administration equals elimination, leading to a constant blood concentration of the drug.
- Therapeutic Blood Level: The optimal concentration of a drug in the bloodstream for it to be effective without causing adverse effects.
- Half Life: The duration it takes for the drug concentration in the body to reduce by half, critical for determining dosing intervals.
- Lipophilic: Refers to substances that are efficiently absorbed across cell membranes due to their affinity for lipids.
- Bioavailability: The percentage of an administered drug dose that reaches systemic circulation and is available for therapeutic effect.
- Biotransformation: The process by which the body chemically alters a drug.
- Prescription (Rx): A legal authorization for a drug to be dispensed.
- Drug Compounding: The preparation of personalized medications, such as flavored formulations for easier administration.
- Dose Dependent: Reactions that are predictable and increase in likelihood with increased drug dosage.
- Idiosyncratic Reactions: Unpredictable reactions that occur after several days of treatment, often linked to immune system responses.
Regulatory Bodies
- Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA): Allows extra-label drug use in veterinary medicine under specific conditions.
- Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM): Regulatory body overseeing drugs, food, and devices for veterinary use.
- Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA): Categorizes controlled substances into five schedules based on abuse potential.
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Oversees and regulates pesticides.
- Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFD&CA): Governs drug approval and safety standards.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA): Regulates veterinary biologics.
- U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) - National Formulary (NF): The official compendium of drug substances and formulations in the United States.
Drug Classes and Indications
- Chemotherapy Drugs: Used for treating neoplastic diseases (cancer).
- Mitotane or Trilostane: Indicated for hyperadrenocorticism.
- Immunosuppressive Drugs: Used for immune-mediated diseases.
- ACE Inhibitors: Indicated for vasodilation, improving blood flow.
- Antibiotics: Treat bacterial infections.
- Glucocorticoids and Mineralcorticoids: Indicated for treating hypoadrenocorticism.
- Methimazole or Radioactive Iodide: Used to manage hyperthyroidism.
- Anticoagulants: Prevent life-threatening thrombus formation.
- Antitussives: Treat respiratory conditions.
- Insulin: Essential for managing diabetes mellitus.
- Antihypertensives: Used for controlling high blood pressure.
- Anticonvulsants: Manage epilepsy and seizure disorders.
- Antiparasitics: Treat GI nematode and arthropod infestations.
- NSAIDs: Alleviate inflammation.
- Diuretics: Used for managing edema.
- L-Thyroxine: Treats hypothyroidism.
- Antifungal Drugs: Indicated for dermatophyte infections.
- Inotropic Agents: Improve cardiac muscle contractility.
- Antiarrhythmics: Control heart rhythm abnormalities.
Specific Drug Uses
- Benazepril: Vasodilator inhibiting ACE.
- NSAIDs: Inhibit cyclooxygenase, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.
- Digitoxin: Enhances cardiac muscle contraction by inhibiting Na+/K+/ATPase.
- Organophosphate: Blocks metabolism of acetylcholine via acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
- Apomorphine: Induces sedation as a dopamine receptor agonist.
- Trimethoprim: Inhibits folate synthesis in bacteria.
- Furosemide: Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter, reducing sodium and water reabsorption.
- Pyrethrins: Block fast sodium channels to slow action potential conduction.
- Famotidine: Acts as a histamine antagonist.
- Heparin/Aspirin: Both inhibit clot formation by affecting prothrombin to thrombin conversion.
- Enalapril: Another ACE inhibitor acting as a vasodilator.
- Omeprazole: Functions as a proton pump inhibitor.
- Sulfamethoxazole: Blocks bacterial folic acid production.
- Diphenhydramine: Binds to histamine receptors, counteracting allergic responses.
- Lidocaine: Prevents action potential conduction by blocking fast sodium channels.
Drug Reaction Types
- Idiosyncratic Drug Reactions: Unpredictable, often immune-related, affecting a minority of patients.
- Dose-dependent Drug Reactions: Predictable, severity increases with dosage, often manageable through monitoring and dosage adjustment.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on key terms related to pharmacology and pharmacy with these flashcards. Each card offers essential definitions to help solidify your understanding of important concepts within the field. Ideal for students and professionals alike!