Ch 14: Social Psychology Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is social psychology?

The study of human physiology

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another (correct)

A branch of sociology focusing on groups

The analysis of financial behavior in groups

What does attribution theory deal with?

Causal explanations of behavior

What is the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency to underestimate the impact of situations and overestimate the impact of personal dispositions

What are attitudes?

Feelings influenced by our beliefs that predispose us to respond in particular ways Signup and view all the answers

What is peripheral route persuasion?

Influence based on superficial and incidental cues Signup and view all the answers

What is central route persuasion?

Influence based on systematic thinking about an issue Signup and view all the answers

What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?

The tendency for people who agree to a small request to comply later with a larger request Signup and view all the answers

What is a role in social psychology?

A set of expectations about how people in a specific social position ought to behave Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive dissonance theory refer to?

The discomfort experienced when our behavior conflicts with our thoughts or feelings Signup and view all the answers

What is conformity?

The tendency to change one's thinking or behavior to coincide with a group standard Signup and view all the answers

What is normative social influence?

Pressure to conform to avoid rejection or gain social approval Signup and view all the answers

What results from informational social influence?

Willingness to accept others' opinions about reality Signup and view all the answers

What is social facilitation?

Stronger performance of simple or well-learned tasks when others are present Signup and view all the answers

What is social loafing?

The tendency for individual effort to be diminished in a group setting Signup and view all the answers

What is deindividuation?

Loss of self-restraint and self-awareness in group situations Signup and view all the answers

What is group polarization?

Enhancement of a group's prevailing tendencies through discussion Signup and view all the answers

Define groupthink.

Unrealistic thought processes in groups driven by a desire for harmony Signup and view all the answers

What is prejudice?

An unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members Signup and view all the answers

What is a stereotype?

A generalized belief about a group of people Signup and view all the answers

What is discrimination?

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members Signup and view all the answers

Explain the just-world phenomenon.

The belief that good is rewarded and evil is punished Signup and view all the answers

What is an ingroup?

The people and groups with whom we share a common identity Signup and view all the answers

What is an outgroup?

The people and groups that are excluded from our ingroup Signup and view all the answers

Define ingroup bias.

The tendency to favor our own group Signup and view all the answers

What is scapegoat theory?

The idea that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by finding someone to blame Signup and view all the answers

What is the other-race effect?

The tendency to recall faces of our own race more accurately than those of other races Signup and view all the answers

What is aggression?

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy Signup and view all the answers

What does the frustration-aggression principle state?

Aggression is triggered when efforts to achieve a goal are blocked Signup and view all the answers

What is a social script?

A culturally specific model of how to behave in various situations Signup and view all the answers

What is the mere exposure effect?

Repeated exposure to an unfamiliar stimulus increases our liking for it Signup and view all the answers

What is passionate love?

An intense positive absorption in another person Signup and view all the answers

What is companionate love?

A deep, enduring affectionate attachment to others Signup and view all the answers

What is equity in relationships?

Mutual giving and receiving between partners Signup and view all the answers

What is self-disclosure?

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others Signup and view all the answers

What is altruism?

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others Signup and view all the answers

What is the bystander effect?

The tendency to be less likely to offer help when other people are present Signup and view all the answers

What is social exchange theory?

Social behavior revolves around exchanges to minimize costs and maximize benefits Signup and view all the answers

What is the reciprocity norm?

The expectation that people will help those who have helped them Signup and view all the answers

What is the social-responsibility norm?

The expectation that people will help those who depend on them Signup and view all the answers

What is conflict in social psychology?

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas Signup and view all the answers

What is a social trap?

A situation where conflicting parties engage in mutually destructive behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What are mirror-image perceptions?

Negative mutual views held by conflicting parties Signup and view all the answers

What are superordinate goals?

Mutual goals requiring cooperation between conflicting parties Signup and view all the answers

What is GRIT?

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific study of how individuals think, influence, and relate to one another.

Attribution Theory

Explains causal interpretations of behavior; attributes actions to disposition or situational factors.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Tendency to underestimate situational influences and overestimate personal dispositions in others' behavior.

Attitudes

Feelings influenced by beliefs, shaping predispositions towards responding to people, objects, and events.

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Involves superficial cues (e.g., speaker appearance) influencing attitudes.

Central Route Persuasion

Based on systematic thinking about an issue, leading to favorable responses to arguments.

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

Small initial request increases likelihood of agreement to a larger subsequent request.

Role

Set of norms defining expected behavior in specific social positions.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Psychological discomfort arises from conflicting beliefs and behaviors; often resolved by changing attitudes.

Conformity

Tendency to align thoughts or behaviors with group norms.

Pressure to conform to avoid rejection or gain approval from others.

Willingness to accept others' views as reality, influencing one's own beliefs.

Enhanced performance on well-learned tasks when in the presence of others.

Individual efforts diminish when part of a group working towards a shared goal.

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and restraint in group settings fostering arousal and anonymity.

Group Polarization

Group discussion enhances prevailing attitudes, increasing differences with out-groups.

Groupthink

Flawed decision-making process resulting from desire for group harmony over critical evaluation of alternatives.

Prejudice

Unjustifiable and typically negative attitudes toward specific groups and their members.

Stereotype

Generalized beliefs about groups, often overgeneralized and not always accurate.

Discrimination

Negative behaviors directed toward individuals based on their group membership.

Just-World Phenomenon

Belief that good actions are rewarded while evil acts are punished, reinforcing a moral order.

Ingroup

Groups with which individuals identify and share a common identity.

Outgroup

Groups excluded from one’s ingroup, often viewed negatively.

Ingroup Bias

Favoritism towards one’s own group over others.

Scapegoat Theory

Suggests that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by blaming others.

Other-Race Effect

Tendency to recognize and recall faces of one’s own race better than those of others.

Aggression

Any behavior aimed at causing harm or destruction.

Frustration-Aggression Principle

Aggression is triggered by obstacles that block goal achievement, resulting in frustration.

Culturally specific expectations guiding behavior in various situations.

Mere Exposure Effect

Increased liking resulting from repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Passionate Love

Intense emotional absorption in another person, especially at a relationship's start.

Companionate Love

Deep, enduring affection shared with significant others in one’s life.

Equity

Condition of mutual exchange and balance in relationships between partners.

Self-Disclosure

Revealing intimate personal information to others.

Altruism

Selfless concern for the welfare of others.

Bystander Effect

Decreased likelihood of offering help when others are present.

Social behavior revolves around maximizing benefits and minimizing costs in exchanges.

Reciprocity Norm

Expectation of mutual help—people help those who have helped them.

Expectation to help those who rely on assistance.

Conflict

Perceived incompatibility of goals, actions, or ideas between parties.

Situations where conflicting parties engage in self-destructive behaviors pursuing personal interests.

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Negative mutual views held by conflicting parties.

Superordinate Goals

Shared goals requiring cooperation from conflicting individuals or groups.

GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction)

Conflict resolution strategy using conciliatory gestures to defuse tensions between opposing parties.

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Description

Explore key concepts in social psychology with these flashcards. This quiz covers fundamental ideas like attribution theory and the fundamental attribution error. Enhance your understanding of how we relate and influence one another in social contexts.