Anatomy & Physiology 1 Final Exam

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Questions and Answers

What is metabolism?

  • All chemical reactions of the body (correct)
  • changes in organism over time
  • new cells or organisms
  • change in shape of tissue or organ

What is homeostasis?

  • The ability of an organism to maintain a consistent internal environment in response to changing internal/external conditions (correct)
  • The process by which an organism changes its habitat
  • The method of reproduction in living organisms
  • The ability of an organism to evolve over time

What is a positive feedback loop?

  • brings change to alter stimulus
  • most processes in body are controlled by this; the resulting action will always be opposite to the stimulus
  • stimulus that is reinforced to continue in the same direction until a climactic even occurs (correct)
  • detects stimulus of a change in variable and sends it to the control center

Which of the following are examples of a positive feedback loop? (Select all that apply)

<p>Baby breastfeeding (A), Childbirth (B), Blood clotting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is a negative feedback loop?

<p>most processes in body are controlled by this; the resulting action will always be opposite to stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of negative feedback loops? (Select all that apply)

<p>Body temperature regulation (A), Blood sugar regulation (B), Blood pressure regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the transverse plane?

<p>A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the coronal plane in anatomy?

<p>A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the midsagittal plane?

<p>A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sagittal plane?

<p>parallel to midsagittal on left or right and splits body/organ in to unequal parts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the terms anterior and posterior refer to in anatomical terminology?

<p>Anterior refers to the front of the body, while posterior refers to the back. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs correctly represent inferior and superior directional terms?

<p>Knees (inferior) - Hips (superior) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical position?

<p>Standing upright with feet together and arms at the sides, palms facing forward. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ventral cavity?

<p>A cavity that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities (also called anterior cavity) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thoracic cavity?

<p>The space containing mediastinum, pericardial cavity, and pleural cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

<p>A region of the body that contains the digestive, kidneys, most of ureters, and reproductive organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the posterior aspect of the human body?

<p>encased in bone (A), cranial and vertebral cavity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the diaphragm partition?

<p>The thoracic and abdominal cavities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What membrane lines the ventral cavity?

<p>Serous membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

what are 2 layers of the serous membrane

<p>parietal (A), visceral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

<p>Peritoneum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two components of homeostasis?

<p>Effector (A), receptor (C), Control Center (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a receptor?

<p>Detects stimulus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is a control center?

<p>receives stimulus and initiates change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is effecter

<p>brings change to alter stimulus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is an ionic bond?

<ul> <li>charged cation and - changed anion bind together by electrostatic interactions (C)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is a polar covalent bond?

<p>A bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

<p>A bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is water?

<p>Polar Molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 phases of water?

<p>solid, liquid, and gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cohesion in water?

<p>The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is surface tension in water?

<p>Inward pulling of cohesive forces at surface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is adhesion in water?

<p>Attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the universal solvent?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an acid?

<p>Dissociates in water to produce H+ and an anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is a base?

<p>Accepts H+ when added to a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does H+ correlate to pH?

<p>The more H+ in a solution the more acidic and the less H+ in a solution the more basic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a buffer?

<p>A solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a suspension in the context of a water mixture?

<p>A mixture where the particles are evenly distributed but not dissolved. (B), Will settle in to different layers when still. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Colloid mixture?

<p>Mixture with smaller molecules that will partially dissolve (A), Will scatter light but not settle (remain mixed when not in motion) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Solution?

<p>Will fully dissolve. (A), Will not scatter light or settle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Emulsion?

<p>Special category of suspension. (A), Will not mix unless shaken. (C), Water + a non-polar molecule. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 types of macromolecules?

<p>Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are general functions of lipids? (Select all that apply)

<p>Energy storage (A), Hormone production (B), Insulation and protection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lipogenesis?

<p>The process of synthesizing fatty acids from carbohydrates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is lipolysis?

<p>The process of breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general function of carbohydrates?

<p>To provide energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a monosaccharide

<p>single sugar monomers like glucose, fructose, and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is a disaccharide?

<p>Formed from 2 monosaccharides and consist of sucrose, lactose, and maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is a polysaccharide?

<p>many monosaccharides and consist of glycogen, starch, and cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general function of nucleic acids?

<p>To store and transmit genetic information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is DNA?

<p>Found in chromosomes and Mitochondria (A), AT CG (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is RNA?

<p>Found in cell nucleus and cytoplasm (A), AG CU (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP?

<p>Central molecule of energy transfer within a cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general function of proteins?

<p>To serve as enzymes, hormones, and to provide structure (B), Aid in defense, transport, and storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a nucleus?

<p>Largest structure in the cell. (A), Control center of the cell that contains DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

<p>Produces ATP through aerobic respiration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes?

<p>Organelles that synthesize proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

<p>Ribosomes inside will synthesize proteins that will be released from cell and incorporated in to plasma membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a bacteria infect its host?

<p>Air, water, food, or living vectors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a virus infect a host?

<p>Find entry point usually a respiratory tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi infect a host?

<p>Infect outer skin and mucus membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a virus? (Select all that apply)

<p>Tiny, simple organisms that are not considered alive (B), Composed of DNA or RNA within protein capsid or cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a bacteria? (select all that apply)

<p>Prokaryotic (B), Composed of capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, and pili on the outside (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fungi? (select all that apply)

<p>Composed of Eukaryotic cells that have cell wall external to plasma membrane (A), Large plant like organisms that lack chlorophyll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria reproduce?

<p>Binary Fission - divide in to 2 new bacterium that are clones of original (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

how do virus' reproduce?

<p>Attaches to healthy host cell, take over cell, and release clones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi reproduce?

<p>Budding, fragmentation, sporulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What different shapes do bacteria have? (select all that apply)

<p>Coccus (spheres) (A), Bacillus (rods) (B), Spirillum (Spirals) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Modify, package, and sort proteins made from the rough ER (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the function of lysosomes in the cell?

<p>Where digestion of cell nutrients takes place (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Vacuoles in the cell?

<p>Area for energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytoplasm in a cell?

<p>Cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytosol?

<p>The intracellular fluids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the general function of the cell? (select all that apply)

<p>Maintain integrity and shape (A), Cell Division (B), Dispose of Wastes (C), Obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 main functions of the Plasma membrane?

<p>Physical barrier, selectively permeable, establish and maintain electrical charge differences, communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

<p>Phospholipid bilayer with Polar hydrophilic head and non-polar hydrophobic tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an isotonic solution?

<p>Interstitial fluid has the same concentration as cytosol, resulting in no net movement of water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypotonic solution?

<p>A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol causing cell to swell (lysis - rupture of cell) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypertonic solution?

<p>A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol causing the cell to shrink (crenation - shrinking of cell). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osmosis?

<p>Movement of water, not solutes, across the plasma membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive transport diffusion?

<p>Movement of substance from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration without the use of energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

<p>The movement of solutes across plasma membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive simple diffusion?

<p>The movement of solutes across the plasma membrane with no help from transport proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is passive facilitated diffusion? (select all that apply)

<p>Transport proteins are required for the movement of solutes across the plasma membrane (B), 2 types - channel mediated and carrier mediated (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is the sodium potassium pump? (select all that apply)

<p>important for controlling electrical charges of cell (A), Move 3 Na + in to cell and 2 K + our of cell against their gradients (B), cell must spend atp to power pump (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is DNA synthesized?

<p>By adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is RNA synthesized?

<p>Through the process of transcription from DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much ATP is generated through in the presence of and glucose oxygen?

<p>36 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much ATP is generated with glucose and no oxygen?

<p>2 and lactic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of mitosis?

<p>Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 types of tissues?

<p>Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

<p>Physical Protection, secretion, selective permeability, sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 classifications of epithelium?

<p>Simple, stratified, pseudostratified</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you describe a squamous skin cell?

<p>Flat, wide, irregular in shape, flat nucleus, substances diffuse easily (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a cuboidal skin cell look like?

<p>As tall as they are wide, nucleus is spherical and in center of cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a columnar skin cell look like?

<p>Slender and taller than they are wide, nucleus down towards base and oblong shaped (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a transitional skin cell look like?

<p>Change shape depending on stretch of epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the simple epithelium?

<p>1 cell layer thick; all cells contact basement membrane. Its primary function is filtration absorption, or secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is stratified epithelium?

<p>2 or more layers of epithelial cells. Only basale layer is in contact with basement membrane. In areas subject to mechanical stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

what is pseudostratified epithelium?

<p>appears layered but all cells contact the basement membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of simple squamous epithelium?

<p>Single layer or thin flat cells, the single nucleus of each cell bulges at its center (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is simple squamous epithelium located

<p>Air sacs in lungs (A), lining of lumen of blood vessels (B), serous membranes of body cavities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are simple cuboidal cells located?

<p>Secretory regions of most glands (A), kidney tubules (C), thyroid gland follicles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium cells located?

<p>Epidermis of skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells located?

<p>lining of oral cavity, party of pharynx and larynx, esophagus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are simple cuboidal epithelial cells located?

<p>Kidney tubules, thyroid gland follicles, secretory regions and ducts of most glands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are connective tissues 3 basic components

<p>cells, protein fibers, ground substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are functions of CT

<p>Physical protection, support and structural framework, transport, storage, binding of structures, immune protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of CT

<p>Connective tissue proper. supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Connective tissue proper consists of what 2 groups

<p>loose CT and dense CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

Loose CT consists of what types of Connective tissue

<p>Areolar, adipose, and reticular</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is areolar connective tissue?

<p>A loose connective tissue that provides some elasticity, support, and protects organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of adipose connective tissue?

<p>To store energy, insulates, cushions, and protects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reticular connective tissue primarily composed of?

<p>Some fibroblasts and numerous leukocytes within a viscous ground substance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reticular connective tissue?

<p>Tissue that forms a framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Dense Connective Tissue?

<p>Tissue characterized by a high density of collagen fibers, providing strength and stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of dense connective tissue?

<p>Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dense regular connective tissue?

<p>Tissue that is most ligaments and tendons that resists stress. Made up of fibroblasts squeezed between densely packed collagen fibers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is dense irregular connective tissue?

<p>A type of connective tissue that provides strength in multiple directions and is found in the dermis of the skin. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is elastic connective tissue?

<p>A type of connective tissue that allows for stretching and recoiling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 types of supporting connective tissue?

<p>Cartilage and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of supporting connective tissue?

<p>Form strong, durable framework that protects and supports soft body tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions and locations of hyaline cartilage?

<p>Provides rigidity with some flexibility, allows growth of the long bone, found in the nose and trachea (A), Facilitates movement, found in joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some functions and locations of fibrocartilage? (Select all that apply)

<p>Provides support and tensile strength, found in intervertebral discs, knee, and jaw (A), Acts as a shock absorber, found in elbow joints (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some functions and locations of elastic cartilage? (Select all that apply)

<p>Allows flexibility and maintains the shape of the epiglottis (B), Supports the respiratory tract with flexibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 types of bone?

<p>Spongey and Compact</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 types of fluid connective tissue?

<p>Blood and Lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

<p>Cardiac, smooth, skeletal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete the muscle chart for striations, # of nuclei, voluntary or involuntary, and regenerative for Skeletal muscles

<p>Striated, multi nucleated, voluntary, and regenerative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete the muscle chart for striations, # of nuclei, voluntary or involuntary, and regenerative for Cardiac muslces

<p>striated, 1 or 2 nuclei, involuntary, non-regenerative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complete the muscle chart for striations, # of nuclei, voluntary or involuntary, and regenerative for smooth muscles

<p>no striations, 1 nuclei, involuntary, regenerative</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some functions and locations of nervous connective tissue?

<p>receive, process, and transmits signals, found in the brain and spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

5 layers of the epidermis from inferior to superior

<p>basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (only in thick skin), corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of keratinocytes?

<p>Primary cells that produce keratin, which help keep skin semi-water proof (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of melanocytes in the skin?

<p>Produce melanin, which gives skin its color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of dendritic cells in the epidermis and dermis?

<p>They act as antigen-presenting cells to initiate immune responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the layers of skin?

<p>Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (not a part of integumentary system) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are present in the dermis?

<p>Hair follicles, nerve endings, sweat glands, blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dermis?

<p>Regulates body temperature. (B), Secretion and absorption (C), Sensory reception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer? (Select all that apply)

<p>Protection (A), Energy storage (B), Insulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common drug injection site in the skin?

<p>Subcutaneous tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the skeletal system? (Select all that apply)

<p>Support and structure, levers for movement, storage of minerals, hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the diaphysis in the long bone?

<p>The shaft or central part of a long bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

<p>The end part of a long bone that articulates with other bones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Metaphysis of a long bone?

<p>The region where bone widens and transfers forces between the diaphysis and epiphysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Epiphyseal Plate?

<p>A region of cartilage between the epiphysis and metaphysis where growth occurs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the axial skeleton?

<p>The part of the skeleton that includes the skull and vertebral column. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appendicular skeleton?

<p>The bones of the limbs and their attachments to the spine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different components of the skull?

<p>Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many vertebrae are there in each section of the spine: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx? (Select the correct option)

<p>7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'atlas' do in the context of the C0-C1 vertebrae?

<p>It supports the skull and allows nodding motion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the axis (C2 vertebra) in relation to the atlas (C1 vertebra)?

<p>It provides a pivot point for back and forth movement (no) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the number of true ribs in the human body?

<p>1-7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What numbers are considered false ribs?

<p>8-12 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What numbers correspond to the floating ribs?

<p>11-12 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the sternal notch located?

<p>At the base of the neck, between the clavicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are osteocytes?

<p>Mature bone cells derived from calcified osteoblasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoblasts?

<p>Cells that form new bone tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoclasts?

<p>Cells that break down bone tissue (B), Cells involved in bone remodeling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a myofibril?

<p>Main organelle that gives muscles its contractile and extensibility characteristics? (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sarcolemma?

<p>The membrane surrounding a muscle cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sarcomeres?

<p>Bundles of protein filaments called myosin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Myofilaments?

<p>Proteins (actin and myosin) that make up muscle fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a skeletal muscle fiber from outer to inner?

<p>Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium, Myofibrils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thick myofilament?

<p>Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thin myofilament?

<p>Actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is calcium stored in muscle?

<p>Sarcoplasmic reticulum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does sliding filament theory work?

<p>Depolarazation of the nerve causes a release of ACH that stimulates the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Ca+ binds to troponin changing its shape so that tropomyosin is moved from the active site of the actin. Myosin heads can now to attach to Actin pulling it inwards and 'contracting' the muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the body's main muscle groups?

<p>Deltoids, Pectorals, Biceps, Triceps, Hamstrings, glutes, quads, traps</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Z-bands in the sarcomere?

<p>Boundaries between adjacent sarcomeres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the H-zones in the sarcomere?

<p>The paler region within the A-band that contains only thick filaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the M lines in the sarcomere?

<p>The vertical line in the middle of the H-zone that connects the thick filaments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an action potential?

<p>A rapid rise and fall in membrane potential (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is depolarization?

<p>A decrease in membrane potential leading to a less negative charge inside the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is repolarization?

<p>The return of the membrane potential to its resting state after depolarization from the output of K+ from the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the somatic nervous system?

<p>The part of the nervous system that controls voluntary movements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the somatic sensory part of the nervous system responsible for?

<p>Processing sensory from special senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste) and information from skin and proprioceptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Somatic motor part of the somatic nervous system primarily responsible for?

<p>Controlling voluntary muscle movements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

<p>Regulating involuntary bodily functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the nervous system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Sympathetic and Parasympathetic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

<p>Conserving energy and replenishes nutrient stores (rest and digest) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Controls the body's fight-or-flight response by increasing alertness and metabolic activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves are controlled by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, s2-s4 segments of spinal cord, and pelvic splanchnic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What division is the parasympathetic division?

<p>Craniosacral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What division is the sympathetic division?

<p>Thoracolumbar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to the systems it controls?

<p>decrease heart and respiratory rates, increase GI and urinary systems and salivary glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to the systems it controls?

<p>increase heart and respiratory rates, decrease GI and urinary systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nerves do the sympathetic nervous system control?

<p>sympathetic trunk, t1-l2 spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when your pupils are large?

<p>sympathetic nervous system is on</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when your pupils are small?

<p>parasympathetic nervous system on</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is mass activation located in the sympathetic nervous system?

<p>T1-L2 Thoracic lumbar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are used by the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells release acetylcholine in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Cholinergic neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells release norepinephrine in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Adrenergic neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 2 main types of cholinergic receptors in the autonomic nervous system?

<p>Nicotinic and Muscarinic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nicotinic receptors (excitatory or inhibitory)

<p>excitatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

what are muscarine receptors (excitatory or inhibitory)

<p>can be excitatory or inhibitory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems to in regards to reproductive organs?

<p>parasympathetic stimulates sexual arousal (erection) and sympathetic stimulates orgasm (ejaculation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 types of sensory receptors categorized by stimulus origin?

<p>Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are exteroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors?

<p>Sensory receptors that respond to external stimuli, internal stimuli, and muscle, tendon, and joint stimuli, respectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are considered general sensory receptors? (Select all that apply)

<p>Somatic and visceral sensory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 5 special sense receptors

<p>olfaction, gustation, vision, audition, equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the five main types of sensory receptors in the human body?

<p>Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, and nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of tactile receptors?

<p>Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles (A), Encapsulated and unencapsulated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is vision centralized and focused?

<p>The fovea centralis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rods in the eye?

<p>Detect motion and shape in low light (dark less defined vision) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cones in the eye?

<p>To detect colour and shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Practice structure of eye

<p>on ipad</p> Signup and view all the answers

Practice structure of ear

<p>on ipad</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the tarsal gland in the eye?

<p>Produces oils to prevent tear evaporation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lacrimal gland in the eye?

<p>To produce tears (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two layers are found in the retina?

<p>Pigmented layer and Neural Layer (B), Retinal pigment epithelium and Photoreceptor layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is found in the pigmented layer of the retina?

<p>Provides vitamin A for photoreceptors and catches stray light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of cells are found in the neural layer of the retina?

<p>Photoreceptors and associated neurons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the optic disc?

<p>The region where retinal ganglion cells exit the eye (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the area of sharpest vision in the human eye?

<p>Fovea centralis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the fovea centralis located?

<p>The macula lutea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the peripheral retina?

<p>The area in the retina that contains primarily rods that are sensitive to low light (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the correct steps of light entering the eye? (Select all that apply)

<p>Light passes through the cornea (A), Light is focused by the lens (B), Light strikes the retina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events are involved in the process of hearing? (Select all that apply)

<p>Sound waves enter the ear canal (A), Vibrations cause the eardrum to move (B), Hair cells in the cochlea respond to vibrations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the names of the three auditory ossicles in the human ear?

<p>Malleus, Incus, Stapes (A), Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the acoustic meatus?

<p>A passage that connects the outer ear to the inner ear (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the auditory ossicles?

<p>To amplify sound waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tympanic membrane in the ear?

<p>A thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the endocrine system?

<p>A system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of endocrine stimulation?

<p>Hormonal, humoral, neural (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hormonal stimulation in the endocrine system?

<p>The release of hormones in response to changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients (A), The release of hormones in response to other hormones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is humoral stimulation in the endocrine system?

<p>Stimulation of hormone release by changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is neural stimulation in the endocrine system?

<p>A process where hormones are released in response to neural activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lipid soluble hormones?

<p>Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

what are water soluble hormones?

<p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thyroid gland and where is it located in the human body?

<p>Regulates metabolism; located in the neck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pituitary gland do and where is it located?

<p>Regulates hormones and is located at the base of the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pineal gland and where is it located?

<p>Regulates sleep-wake cycles; located in the center of the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the adrenal gland and where is it located in the human body?

<p>Produces adrenaline and ACTH; located on top of the kidneys (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gland is ACTH formed in?

<p>In adrenal cortex of Adrenal gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gland is adrenaline formed in?

<p>in the adrenal medulla of the Adrenal gland (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the parathyroid gland do and where is it located?

<p>Regulates calcium levels in the blood; located on the thyroid gland. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pancreas, and where is it located?

<p>It produces insulin and is located behind the stomach. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the endocrine system? (Select all that apply)

<p>Regulating development, growth, metabolism (A), Maintaining homeostasis of blood comp. and volume (B), Controlling digestive processes and reproductive activities (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the thymus and where is it located?

<p>A gland involved in immune function, located in the mediastinum behind the sternum. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are target cells in the endocrine system?

<p>Cells that have specific receptors to hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

<p>The hypothalamus produces hormones that regulate the pituitary gland. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the pancreas in the human body?

<p>To produce insulin and regulate blood sugar levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two hormones that the pancreas releases?

<p>Insulin and Glucagon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cells in the pancreas produce insulin?

<p>Beta cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the pancreas produce glucagon?

<p>Alpha cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the acronym to help you remember what cells produce what hormones in the pancreas?

<p>BigA Bi - Beta cells and insulin gA - Alpha cells and glucogon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones are produced from the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone, Luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones are produced in the anterior or posterior pituitary?

<p>Oxytocin = Posterior TSH = Anterior FSH = Anterior LH = Anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones are produced in the anterior or posterior pituitary?

<p>ADH = Posterior ATCH = Anterior Growth hormone = Anterior Prolactin = Anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)?

<p>Influences metabolic system for growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ACTH in the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Stimulates the production of cortisol (provides energy for growth) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of prolactin in the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Stimulates breast milk production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Enables bones to grow and lengthen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) in the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Turns on at adolescence and tells ovaries and testis what to do (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of LH (Luteinizing Hormone) in the anterior pituitary gland?

<p>Triggers ovulation and stimulates testosterone production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of oxytocin in the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and breast feeding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the posterior pituitary gland?

<p>Regulates water balance in the body (no pee hormone) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metabolism

All chemical reactions occurring in the body.

Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

Positive Feedback Loop

Stimulus reinforces itself until a drastic change happens.

Negative Feedback Loop

Body's primary way to maintain homeostasis; response counteracts stimulus.

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Transverse Plane

Horizontal plane dividing body into superior and inferior parts.

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Coronal Plane

Vertical plane, divides body into anterior and posterior sections.

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Midsagittal Plane

Vertical plane, divides body into equal left and right halves.

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Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane, divides body into unequal left and right halves.

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Anterior

Front of body.

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Posterior

Back of body.

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Inferior

Lower part of the body.

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Superior

Upper part of the body.

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Anatomical Position

Upright, feet together, arms at sides, palms forward.

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Ventral Cavity

Anterior cavity; includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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Thoracic Cavity

Chest cavity, includes mediastinum, pericardial, and pleural cavities.

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains digestive system, kidneys, and reproductive organs.

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Posterior Aspect

Back of the human body, protected by bone.

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Diaphragm

Muscle separating thoracic and abdominal cavities.

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Serous Membrane

Lines the ventral cavity.

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Peritoneum

Membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity.

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Receptor

Detects a stimulus.

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Control Center

Receives signal & initiates a change.

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Effector

Carries out the change.

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Ionic Bond

Attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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