Anatomy & Physiology 1 Final Exam

<p>Baby breastfeeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>most processes in body are controlled by this; the resulting action will always be opposite to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body temperature regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior sections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>parallel to midsagittal on left or right and splits body/organ in to unequal parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterior refers to the front of the body, while posterior refers to the back.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knees (inferior) - Hips (superior)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Standing upright with feet together and arms at the sides, palms facing forward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cavity that includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities (also called anterior cavity)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The space containing mediastinum, pericardial cavity, and pleural cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A region of the body that contains the digestive, kidneys, most of ureters, and reproductive organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>encased in bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The thoracic and abdominal cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serous membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>parietal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peritoneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detects stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>receives stimulus and initiates change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>brings change to alter stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ul> <li>charged cation and - changed anion bind together by electrostatic interactions</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polar Molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>solid, liquid, and gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inward pulling of cohesive forces at surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attraction between water molecules and a substance other than water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dissociates in water to produce H+ and an anion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accepts H+ when added to a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The more H+ in a solution the more acidic and the less H+ in a solution the more basic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mixture where the particles are evenly distributed but not dissolved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixture with smaller molecules that will partially dissolve</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Will fully dissolve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Special category of suspension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of synthesizing fatty acids from carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of breaking down fats into fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>single sugar monomers like glucose, fructose, and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formed from 2 monosaccharides and consist of sucrose, lactose, and maltose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>many monosaccharides and consist of glycogen, starch, and cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To store and transmit genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found in chromosomes and Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Found in cell nucleus and cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central molecule of energy transfer within a cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To serve as enzymes, hormones, and to provide structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Largest structure in the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces ATP through aerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organelles that synthesize proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosomes inside will synthesize proteins that will be released from cell and incorporated in to plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air, water, food, or living vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Find entry point usually a respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infect outer skin and mucus membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tiny, simple organisms that are not considered alive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Composed of Eukaryotic cells that have cell wall external to plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binary Fission - divide in to 2 new bacterium that are clones of original</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attaches to healthy host cell, take over cell, and release clones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Budding, fragmentation, sporulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coccus (spheres)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modify, package, and sort proteins made from the rough ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Where digestion of cell nutrients takes place</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Area for energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intracellular fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintain integrity and shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical barrier, selectively permeable, establish and maintain electrical charge differences, communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipid bilayer with Polar hydrophilic head and non-polar hydrophobic tails</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interstitial fluid has the same concentration as cytosol, resulting in no net movement of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol causing cell to swell (lysis - rupture of cell)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the cytosol causing the cell to shrink (crenation - shrinking of cell).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of water, not solutes, across the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement of substance from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration without the use of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The movement of solutes across plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The movement of solutes across the plasma membrane with no help from transport proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport proteins are required for the movement of solutes across the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>important for controlling electrical charges of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the process of transcription from DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>36</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 and lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical Protection, secretion, selective permeability, sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple, stratified, pseudostratified</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flat, wide, irregular in shape, flat nucleus, substances diffuse easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As tall as they are wide, nucleus is spherical and in center of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slender and taller than they are wide, nucleus down towards base and oblong shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Change shape depending on stretch of epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 cell layer thick; all cells contact basement membrane. Its primary function is filtration absorption, or secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 or more layers of epithelial cells. Only basale layer is in contact with basement membrane. In areas subject to mechanical stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>appears layered but all cells contact the basement membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single layer or thin flat cells, the single nucleus of each cell bulges at its center</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air sacs in lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secretory regions of most glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epidermis of skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>lining of oral cavity, party of pharynx and larynx, esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidney tubules, thyroid gland follicles, secretory regions and ducts of most glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cells, protein fibers, ground substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical protection, support and structural framework, transport, storage, binding of structures, immune protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Connective tissue proper. supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>loose CT and dense CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Areolar, adipose, and reticular</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A loose connective tissue that provides some elasticity, support, and protects organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To store energy, insulates, cushions, and protects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some fibroblasts and numerous leukocytes within a viscous ground substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue that forms a framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue characterized by a high density of collagen fibers, providing strength and stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tissue that is most ligaments and tendons that resists stress. Made up of fibroblasts squeezed between densely packed collagen fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of connective tissue that provides strength in multiple directions and is found in the dermis of the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A type of connective tissue that allows for stretching and recoiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cartilage and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Form strong, durable framework that protects and supports soft body tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides rigidity with some flexibility, allows growth of the long bone, found in the nose and trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides support and tensile strength, found in intervertebral discs, knee, and jaw</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allows flexibility and maintains the shape of the epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spongey and Compact</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood and Lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac, smooth, skeletal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Striated, multi nucleated, voluntary, and regenerative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>striated, 1 or 2 nuclei, involuntary, non-regenerative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>no striations, 1 nuclei, involuntary, regenerative</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>receive, process, and transmits signals, found in the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum (only in thick skin), corneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary cells that produce keratin, which help keep skin semi-water proof</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produce melanin, which gives skin its color</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as antigen-presenting cells to initiate immune responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (not a part of integumentary system)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hair follicles, nerve endings, sweat glands, blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subcutaneous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Support and structure, levers for movement, storage of minerals, hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shaft or central part of a long bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The end part of a long bone that articulates with other bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The region where bone widens and transfers forces between the diaphysis and epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A region of cartilage between the epiphysis and metaphysis where growth occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The part of the skeleton that includes the skull and vertebral column.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bones of the limbs and their attachments to the spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It supports the skull and allows nodding motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a pivot point for back and forth movement (no)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>11-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the base of the neck, between the clavicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mature bone cells derived from calcified osteoblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells that form new bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells that break down bone tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Main organelle that gives muscles its contractile and extensibility characteristics?</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The membrane surrounding a muscle cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bundles of protein filaments called myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins (actin and myosin) that make up muscle fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium, Myofibrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Actin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sarcoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depolarazation of the nerve causes a release of ACH that stimulates the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The Ca+ binds to troponin changing its shape so that tropomyosin is moved from the active site of the actin. Myosin heads can now to attach to Actin pulling it inwards and 'contracting' the muscle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deltoids, Pectorals, Biceps, Triceps, Hamstrings, glutes, quads, traps</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Boundaries between adjacent sarcomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The paler region within the A-band that contains only thick filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vertical line in the middle of the H-zone that connects the thick filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rapid rise and fall in membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decrease in membrane potential leading to a less negative charge inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The return of the membrane potential to its resting state after depolarization from the output of K+ from the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The part of the nervous system that controls voluntary movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Processing sensory from special senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste) and information from skin and proprioceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling voluntary muscle movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating involuntary bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic and Parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conserving energy and replenishes nutrient stores (rest and digest)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controls the body's fight-or-flight response by increasing alertness and metabolic activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, s2-s4 segments of spinal cord, and pelvic splanchnic nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Craniosacral</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracolumbar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>decrease heart and respiratory rates, increase GI and urinary systems and salivary glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>increase heart and respiratory rates, decrease GI and urinary systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sympathetic trunk, t1-l2 spinal nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sympathetic nervous system is on</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>parasympathetic nervous system on</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>T1-L2 Thoracic lumbar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholinergic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenergic neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic and Muscarinic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>excitatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>can be excitatory or inhibitory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>parasympathetic stimulates sexual arousal (erection) and sympathetic stimulates orgasm (ejaculation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory receptors that respond to external stimuli, internal stimuli, and muscle, tendon, and joint stimuli, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic and visceral sensory receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>olfaction, gustation, vision, audition, equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, and nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Meissner's corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fovea centralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Detect motion and shape in low light (dark less defined vision)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect colour and shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>on ipad</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>on ipad</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces oils to prevent tear evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce tears</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pigmented layer and Neural Layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provides vitamin A for photoreceptors and catches stray light</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photoreceptors and associated neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The region where retinal ganglion cells exit the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fovea centralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The macula lutea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The area in the retina that contains primarily rods that are sensitive to low light</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light passes through the cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sound waves enter the ear canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malleus, Incus, Stapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A passage that connects the outer ear to the inner ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To amplify sound waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A thin membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal, humoral, neural</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The release of hormones in response to changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulation of hormone release by changes in blood levels of ions or nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A process where hormones are released in response to neural activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates metabolism; located in the neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates hormones and is located at the base of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates sleep-wake cycles; located in the center of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces adrenaline and ACTH; located on top of the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In adrenal cortex of Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>in the adrenal medulla of the Adrenal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates calcium levels in the blood; located on the thyroid gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces insulin and is located behind the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating development, growth, metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A gland involved in immune function, located in the mediastinum behind the sternum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells that have specific receptors to hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothalamus produces hormones that regulate the pituitary gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce insulin and regulate blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin and Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Beta cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>BigA Bi - Beta cells and insulin gA - Alpha cells and glucogon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone(ACTH), prolactin (PRL), growth hormone, Luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin = Posterior TSH = Anterior FSH = Anterior LH = Anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH = Posterior ATCH = Anterior Growth hormone = Anterior Prolactin = Anterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influences metabolic system for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates the production of cortisol (provides energy for growth)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates breast milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enables bones to grow and lengthen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turns on at adolescence and tells ovaries and testis what to do</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triggers ovulation and stimulates testosterone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and breast feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates water balance in the body (no pee hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers