Cervical anatomy - history 120 : passive - resisted - scan 300 : tests 530 : reflex
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the cervical spine contains the articular facets?

  • Transverse processes (correct)
  • Spinous processes
  • C1
  • Vertebral bodies

    • How many cervical nerve roots are there in the cervical spine?

  • 8 (correct)
  • 7
  • 6
  • 5

    • In the rest of the spine, each nerve root is named for the vertebra...

  • Below it
  • Above it (correct)
  • At the same level
  • None of the above

    • At what vertebra does the switch in naming of nerve roots occur?

    <p>C7 and T1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is spondylosis often seen in persons?

    <p>45 years and older</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum score that indicates a mild episode of neurological injury?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of thoracic outlet symptoms?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of backpack palsy (BPP)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can decrease the chances of a new episode of neck pain?

    <p>Maintaining a pain diary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements can aggravate symptoms in patients with radicular signs and symptoms?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pain is usually immediate in cases of whiplash?

    <p>Bone pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary signs of cervical radiculopathy?

    <p>Unilateral motor and sensory symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom commonly associated with injuries in the cervical spine?

    <p>Restricted range of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many facet (apophyseal) joints are there in the cervical spine?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which direction do the superior facets of the cervical spine face?

    <p>Upward, backward, and medially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joints in the cervical spine primarily move by gliding?

    <p>Facet joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the neutral or resting position of the cervical spine?

    <p>Extended</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament innervates the anterior dura sac, the posterior annulus fibrosus, and the posterior longitudinal ligament?

    <p>Posterior longitudinal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Weakness in the upper limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fingers are typically affected in a patient with myelopathic hand?

    <p>Ring and little finger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the grip and release test used for?

    <p>Evaluating hand strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cervicogenic headaches?

    <p>Occur in the occipital area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of cervical arterial dissection?

    <p>Unilateral frontal or retro-orbital pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bakody sign indicative of?

    <p>Problems in the C4 or C5 area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors may contribute to altered blood flow in the arteries?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movements are primarily responsible for stressing the vertebral and internal carotid arteries?

    <p>Rotation and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which areas have the greatest potential for problems related to treatment and their concomitant stress on the vertebral arteries?

    <p>Between C1 and C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mechanism for nonpenetrating injury to the vertebral artery?

    <p>Neck extension with rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms may be associated with the vertebral artery?

    <p>Neck pain and arm pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lower cervical spine called and what type of pain is commonly referred into the upper extremity?

    <p>Cervicobrachial area, neck pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cervical spine contains the articular facets?

    <p>The posterior portion of the transverse processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cervical nerve roots are there in the cervical spine?

    <p>Eight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is spondylosis often seen in persons?

    <p>Between 45 and 65 years old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the cervical spine is the first palpable vertebra descending from the external occiput protuberance?

    <p>C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum score that indicates a mild episode of neurological injury according to Watkins?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom associated with cervical spine pathology?

    <p>Neck pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of cervical spine injuries?

    <p>Restricted range of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many facet (apophyseal) joints are there in the cervical spine?

    <p>14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which direction do the superior facets of the cervical spine face?

    <p>Upward, backward, and medially</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is prevented by the plane of the facet joints in the cervical spine?

    <p>Side flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament innervates the anterior dura sac, the posterior annulus fibrosus, and the posterior longitudinal ligament?

    <p>Recurrent meningeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the height of the cervical spine do the intervertebral discs make up?

    <p>25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors may contribute to altered blood flow in the arteries?

    <p>High fat or cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movements are primarily responsible for stressing the vertebral and internal carotid arteries?

    <p>Rotation and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms may be associated with the vertebral artery?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which areas have the greatest potential for problems related to treatment and their concomitant stress on the vertebral arteries?

    <p>Between C1 and C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Both neck and arm pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mechanism for nonpenetrating injury to the vertebral artery?

    <p>Neck extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Numbness and weakness in the lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic hand sign seen in patients with cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Inability to grip and release fingers rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of headache occurs as a symptom of musculoskeletal dysfunction in the cervical spine?

    <p>Cervicogenic headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of craniovertebral joint dysfunction?

    <p>Neck pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential sign of vertebral artery dissection?

    <p>Fainting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Bakody sign indicative of?

    <p>Problems in the C4 or C5 area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities is commonly associated with backpack palsy (BPP)?

    <p>Carrying a heavy backpack without waist support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of symptoms are commonly associated with cervicothoracic joint problems?

    <p>Shoulder pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements can aggravate symptoms in patients with radicular signs and symptoms?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of acute radiculopathies?

    <p>Unilateral motor and sensory symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom commonly associated with disc herniations in the cervical spine?

    <p>Severe neck pain radiating into the shoulder, scapula, and/or arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom commonly associated with myofascial pain syndromes?

    <p>Generalized aching and trigger points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament innervates the anterior dura sac, the posterior annulus fibrosus, and the posterior longitudinal ligament?

    <p>Ligamentum flavum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom associated with cervical spine pathology?

    <p>Neck pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joints in the cervical spine primarily move by gliding?

    <p>Facet joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is prevented by the plane of the facet joints in the cervical spine?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cervical nerve roots are there in the cervical spine?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential sign of vertebral artery dissection?

    <p>Headaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities is commonly associated with backpack palsy (BPP)?

    <p>Heavy lifting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movements bother the patient with cervicothoracic joint problems?

    <p>Pushing and pulling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of cervical spine injuries?

    <p>Weakness in the arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of craniovertebral joint dysfunction?

    <p>Neck stiffness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the height of the cervical spine do the intervertebral discs make up?

    <p>75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mechanism for nonpenetrating injury to the vertebral artery?

    <p>Whiplash injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Muscle weakness in the upper limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of spondylosis deformans?

    <p>It is a disease of aging initiated by intervertebral disc degeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom associated with craniovertebral joint dysfunction?

    <p>Headaches at the base and top of the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of cervicogenic headaches?

    <p>Symptom of musculoskeletal dysfunction in the cervical spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many cervical nerve roots are there in the cervical spine?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential sign of vertebral artery dissection?

    <p>Balance disturbances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the naming convention for cervical nerve roots?

    <p>Each nerve root is named for the vertebra above it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bakody sign indicative of?

    <p>Problems in the C4 or C5 area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what vertebra does the switch in naming of nerve roots occur?

    <p>C7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of backpack palsy (BPP)?

    <p>Weakness and loss of function in the arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most severe neurological injury severity score according to the Watkins scale?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum combined score (A + B + C) on the Watkins scale that indicates minimum risk of symptoms returning if the patient returns to activity?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor that may contribute to altered blood flow in the arteries?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements has been shown to significantly decrease vertebral artery blood flow?

    <p>Rotation and extension of 20°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the greatest stresses placed on the vertebral arteries?

    <p>Between C1 and the entry of the arteries into the skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mechanism for nonpenetrating injury to the vertebral artery?

    <p>Neck extension without rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms may be associated with the vertebral artery?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lower cervical spine called and what type of pain is commonly referred into the upper extremity?

    <p>Cervicobrachial area, both neck and arm pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate a severe problem affecting the spinal cord?

    <p>Lower-limb symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors is related to vertebrobasilar insufficiency?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may be related to cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Sphincter dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate a cervical myelopathy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate systemic neurological dysfunction?

    <p>Abnormality of the cranial nerves combined with gait alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms may indicate severity of injury, neurological injury, and sometimes increased intracranial pressure?

    <p>Diplopia (double vision)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the sympathetic signs and symptoms that may be elicited during an examination?

    <p>Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate a psychological component to the patient's problems?

    <p>Behavioral or psychological problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pillow tends to retain its shape and have more 'bounce'?

    <p>Foam pillow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be tested to determine if there is a psychological component to the patient's problems?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate severity of injury, neurological injury, and sometimes increased intracranial pressure?

    <p>Double vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following positions should be noted if the patient finds them particularly bothersome?

    <p>Flexed cervical spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may affect breathing if injured?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may cause pain on swallowing?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pillow tends to retain its shape and offer less support?

    <p>Foam pillow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate a severe problem affecting the spinal cord?

    <p>Lower-limb symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors is related to vertebrobasilar insufficiency?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Sphincter dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate systemic neurological dysfunction?

    <p>Abnormality of cranial nerves combined with gait alterations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may be associated with dizziness?

    <p>Certain head or body positions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate a severe problem affecting the spinal cord?

    <p>Difficulty walking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors may be related to vertebrobasilar insufficiency?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Numbness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate systemic neurological dysfunction?

    <p>Dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may be a risk factor for carotid and vertebral artery disease?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate severity of injury, neurological injury, and sometimes increased intracranial pressure?

    <p>Double vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate injury to the cranial nerves or the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Ringing in the ears</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following positions should be noted if the patient finds them particularly bothersome?

    <p>Flexed cervical spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may be caused by neurological problems, mechanical pressure, or muscle incoordination?

    <p>Pain on swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sleeping positions can increase the stress on the lower cervical nerve roots?

    <p>Abducting the arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor in determining the patient's problems during observation?

    <p>The patient's willingness to move</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a female patient wear during the assessment?

    <p>A bra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the examiner determine by observing the patient's facial expression?

    <p>The patient's pain level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate if the patient is supporting the head and neck and is afraid to move the head?

    <p>Cervical instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which posture is usually best for the patient during observation?

    <p>Standing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do abnormalities in one area of the body often affect another area?

    <p>Frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is prevented by the plane of the facet joints in the cervical spine?

    <p>Side Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum range of motion (ROM) for flexion in the lower cervical spine?

    <p>80° to 90°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of rotation in the cervical spine?

    <p>40° to 50°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary movement that occurs between C1 and C2 in rotation?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of side flexion in the cervical spine?

    <p>40° to 50°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum range of motion (ROM) for extension in the upper cervical spine?

    <p>60° to 70°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of a poking chin posture?

    <p>Excessive lumbar lordosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal lordotic curvature of the cervical spine?

    <p>30° to 40°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of a habitual poking chin posture on the muscles?

    <p>Weak deep neck flexors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause the head to be tilted or rotated to one side, indicating possible torticollis?

    <p>Acute torticollis due to a disc problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common result of rounding shoulders?

    <p>Protraction of scapulae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may altered coloration of the skin, ulcers, or vein distention indicate?

    <p>Upper limb ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements should be performed if exacerbation of symptoms occurs with combined flexion, rotation, and extension?

    <p>Passive and active movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements is considered positive for pain and dysfunction arising from the C1-C2 segment in cervicogenic headaches?

    <p>Cervical rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements is carried out during the active movements of the cervical spine?

    <p>Flexion and extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position is the passive range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spine normally greater than the active and passive ROM in sitting?

    <p>Supine position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of many factors that determine the range of movement available in the cervical spine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pain in the lower extremities during passive flexion with overpressure indicate?

    <p>Lumbar radiculopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cervical spine is tested during the active movements?

    <p>C2 to C7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test where the examiner's second hand is placed over the sternum to prevent thoracic flexion during passive flexion?

    <p>Soto-Hall test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done during the active movements to avoid carrying over residual pain from the previous movement?

    <p>Perform the movements in a particular order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement restrictions and their possible causes are outlined in Table 3.17?

    <p>Passive movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should overpressure be applied during the active movements?

    <p>When the movement appears to be full and not too painful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner be careful about when applying overpressure to rotation or any combination of rotation, side flexion, and extension?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor in determining a patient's problems during examination?

    <p>The examiner's observation of the patient's movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a female patient wear during the assessment?

    <p>A bra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the examiner determine by observing the patient's facial expression?

    <p>The patient's level of comfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate cervical instability in a patient?

    <p>The patient's fear of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best posture for a patient during the assessment?

    <p>Standing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can abnormalities in one area frequently affect?

    <p>Another area of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following postural deviations may result in adaptive shortening of the occipital muscles and increased comprehensive stress of the facet joints and posterior discs?

    <p>Habitual poking chin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of lordotic curvature in the cervical spine?

    <p>30° to 40°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by congenital fusion of some cervical vertebra, usually C3 to C5?

    <p>Klippel-Feil syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a posture in which the head is tilted or rotated to one side or the other?

    <p>Torticollis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles are weak in a cervical 'upper crossed syndrome' caused by a habitual poking chin posture?

    <p>Deep neck flexors and rhomboids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal sitting posture with respect to the cervical spine?

    <p>Lordotic curvature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movements should be done first during the examination of the cervical spine?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors contribute to the range of motion (ROM) available in the cervical spine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cervical spine is responsible for nodding movement during flexion?

    <p>Upper cervical spine (C0 to C2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result if one vertebra moves in the cervical spine between C2 and C7?

    <p>Adjacent vertebrae will also move</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner be careful about when applying overpressure to rotation or any combination of rotation, side flexion, and extension?

    <p>Compressing the vertebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movements are primarily responsible for stressing the vertebral and internal carotid arteries?

    <p>Flexion and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements is considered positive for pain and dysfunction arising from the C1-C2 segment in cervicogenic headaches?

    <p>Cervical rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following passive movements should be performed along with active movements for the cervical spine?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the supine position, what is the normal passive range of motion for side flexion in the cervical spine?

    <p>75°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of relaxation of the muscles in the supine position on passive range of motion in the cervical spine?

    <p>Increases range of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pain in the lower extremities during passive flexion with overpressure indicate?

    <p>Lower-extremity radiculopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test where the examiner's second hand is placed over the sternum to prevent thoracic flexion during passive flexion with overpressure?

    <p>Soto-Hall test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During flexion of the upper cervical spine, the intervertebral foramen is _______ on flexion than on extension.

    <p>Larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle initiates the flexion movement of the lower cervical spine if the deep neck flexors are weak?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum range of motion for extension in the upper cervical spine?

    <p>70°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During side flexion of the cervical spine, the examiner should ensure that the _______ moves toward the shoulder and not the shoulder toward the ear.

    <p>Ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rotation and side flexion always occur together in the cervical spine, but not necessarily in the same _______.

    <p>Direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most of the rotation in the cervical spine occurs between which two vertebrae?

    <p>C1 and C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is normally pain free when testing flexion in the upper cervical spine?

    <p>Nodding the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage larger is the intervertebral foramen on flexion compared to extension?

    <p>20% to 30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum range of motion for flexion of the lower cervical spine?

    <p>80° to 90°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscles initiate the flexion movement in the lower cervical spine if the deep neck flexors are weak?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of rotation in the cervical spine?

    <p>80° to 90°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement always occurs together with rotation in the cervical spine?

    <p>Side flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of excessive lumbar lordosis?

    <p>Poking chin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal lordotic curvature of the cervical spine?

    <p>30° to 40°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may result from a habitual poking chin?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are weak in a cervical 'upper crossed syndrome' caused by a poking chin posture?

    <p>Deep neck flexors, rhomboids, serratus anterior, and lower trapezius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal sitting posture in terms of alignment?

    <p>Earlobe in line with the acromion process and iliac crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of rounded shoulders?

    <p>Poking chin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movements should be done in a particular order during the examination of the cervical spine?

    <p>The most painful movements are done last.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for an aberrant or uncontrolled movement of the cervical spine during active movements?

    <p>Cervical movement control dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors contribute to the range of motion available in the cervical spine?

    <p>Flexibility of the intervertebral discs, shape and inclination of the articular processes, and laxity of the ligaments and joint capsules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cervical spine is primarily responsible for nodding movement during flexion?

    <p>Upper cervical spine (C0 to C2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movements in the cervical spine can be divided into two parts: those testing the upper cervical spine (C0 to C2) and those involving the rest of the cervical spine (C2 to C7)?

    <p>Rotation and side flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may occur if the vertebral artery is compressed during certain movements of the cervical spine?

    <p>Decrease in blood supply to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason why the examiner should watch the patient as they enter the examination room and undress?

    <p>To check for cervical instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a female patient wear for the upper body assessment?

    <p>A bra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a female patient need to remove their bra during the assessment?

    <p>To determine if there are any problems with the thoracic spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the examiner determine by observing the patient's facial expression?

    <p>The amount of pain the patient is experiencing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the examiner proceed with caution during the assessment?

    <p>If the patient is exhibiting Rust's sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a standing posture preferred during the assessment?

    <p>To observe the patient's whole body posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements should be performed if symptoms are exacerbated by flexion, rotation, side flexion, and extension combined?

    <p>Flexion, rotation, side flexion, and extension combined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is considered positive for pain and dysfunction arising from the C1-C2 segment in cervicogenic headaches if pain occurs with the rotation as well?

    <p>Cervical flexion-rotation test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position should the patient lie in when performing passive movements to test flexion, extension, side flexion, and rotation?

    <p>Supine position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which range of passive side flexion is normally greater in the supine position compared to the sitting position?

    <p>75° to 80°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it indicate if pain is felt in the lower extremities during passive flexion with overpressure?

    <p>Lower-extremity radiculopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the test in which the examiner's second hand is placed over the sternum to prevent thoracic flexion during passive flexion?

    <p>Soto-Hall test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is used to test rotation between the occiput and C1 in the cervical spine?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end feel of the normal cervical spine motions?

    <p>Tissue stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position increases the vulnerability of anterior, posterior, and lateral tissues of the neck, including the vertebral artery?

    <p>End-range extension, side flexion, and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of passive physiological intervertebral movements (PPIVMs) in the examination of the cervical spine?

    <p>To assess the amount of movement in each segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is used to test rotation at C1 to C2 in the cervical spine?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is used to test rotation between C0 and C1 in the cervical spine?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a functional test for neck flexion?

    <p>Looking Down at Belt Buckle or Shoe Laces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended neck strength in athletes to decrease the chance of injury?

    <p>30% of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which questionnaire is used to assess the impact of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WADs)?

    <p>Whiplash Disability Questionnaire (WDQ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional test is necessary for everyday activities requiring neck extension?

    <p>Looking Up at the Ceiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are involved in the swallowing movement?

    <p>Muscles of the lips, tongue, and larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which functional test is necessary for everyday activities requiring cervical rotation?

    <p>Shoulder Check</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movements are tested isometrically to determine relative muscle strength of each movement and to compare opposite movements?

    <p>Flexion, extension, side flexion, and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended instruction for the examiner to give the patient during resisted isometric movements?

    <p>Don’t let me move you</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movements should be done with the cervical spine in the neutral position during resisted isometric testing?

    <p>All movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movements should be done last during resisted isometric testing if they are painful for the patient?

    <p>Painful movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the examiner determine by looking at the combinations of muscles that cause a specific movement?

    <p>Which muscle is at fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the examiner test certain loaded or combined movements isometrically?

    <p>If the patient complains of pain during those movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method to test neck flexion (C1-C2 myotome)?

    <p>Apply pressure to the forehead while stabilizing the trunk with a hand between the scapulae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the examiner test neck side flexion (C3 myotome and cranial nerve XI)?

    <p>Place one hand above the patient's ear and apply a side flexion force while stabilizing the trunk with the other hand on the opposite shoulder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the examiner test shoulder abduction (C5 myotome)?

    <p>Ask the patient to elevate the arms to about 75° to 80° in the scapular plane with the elbows flexed to 90° and the forearms pronated or in neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the examiner test elbow flexion (C6 myotome)?

    <p>Ask the patient to put the arms by the sides with the elbows flexed to 90° and forearms in neutral, and apply a downward isometric force to the forearms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the examiner test wrist extension (C6 myotome)?

    <p>The patient's arms are by the side, elbows at 90°, forearms pronated, and the examiner applies a downward force to the hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the examiner test ulnar deviation (C8 myotome)?

    <p>Stabilize the patient's forearm with one hand and apply a radial deviation force to the side of the hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During passive testing of the cervical spine, the passive ROM with the patient supine is normally ________ than the active and passive ROM with the patient sitting.

    <p>greater</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the cervical spine should be performed along with active movements, as active movements with overpressure at end of range do not give a true impression of end feel?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If pain is felt in the lower extremities during passive flexion with overpressure of the cervical spine, it may indicate a lower-extremity ________ of one of the lower limb peripheral nerves as the movement stretches the dura.

    <p>radiculopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test where the examiner's second hand is placed over the sternum to prevent thoracic flexion during passive flexion with overpressure?

    <p>Soto-Hall test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During passive movements of the cervical spine, the examiner can palpate between adjacent vertebrae to feel the relative amount of movement on each side. For flexion, the examiner palpates between the ________ process and the transverse process for movement between C0 and C1.

    <p>mastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the characteristic hand sign seen in patients with cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Myelopathic hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is used to test rotation between the occiput and C1 in the cervical spine?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of restriction of movement between C0 and C1 on one side?

    <p>Vertebral artery involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end feel for normal flexion of the cervical spine?

    <p>Tissue stretch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the quadrant position?

    <p>Side flexion and rotation equally limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of restricted rotation in patients with cervicogenic headache?

    <p>C1 to C2 segmental dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is used to test the end feel for movement of the lower cervical spine into extension?

    <p>Minimal extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a functional movement that requires at least 60° to 70° of neck flexion?

    <p>Looking Down at Belt Buckle or Shoe Laces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a functional movement that requires at least 60° to 70° of cervical rotation?

    <p>Shoulder Check</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a functional movement that produces upper cervical flexion with lower cervical extension?

    <p>Tuck Chin In</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a functional movement that produces upper cervical extension with lower cervical flexion?

    <p>Poke Chin Out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended neck strength in athletes to decrease the chance of injury?

    <p>Approximately 30% of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can be used to assess the impact of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WADs), including social and emotional problems?

    <p>Whiplash Disability Questionnaire (WDQ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the resisted isometric movements to the cervical spine, which of the following movements should be done last?

    <p>Rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing the peripheral joint scanning examination, which joint is checked by placing the index or little fingers in the patient's ears?

    <p>Temporomandibular joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements checks the mobility of the scapula on the thorax and movement of the upper ribs during the shoulder girdle scanning examination?

    <p>Abduction of the arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is actively moved through flexion, extension, supination, and pronation during the peripheral joint scanning examination?

    <p>Elbow joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is performed for the fingers and thumb during the wrist and hand scanning examination?

    <p>Opposition and reposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may pain or tenderness, especially on closing the mandible, indicate during the examination of the temporomandibular joints?

    <p>Posterior capsulitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During passive movements of the cervical spine, the examiner can palpate between which two structures to feel the relative amount of movement on each side?

    <p>Transverse process and spinous process of C1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position should the patient be in during passive movements of the cervical spine to achieve a greater range of motion compared to active and passive movements with the patient sitting?

    <p>Supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of performing passive movements with overpressure along with active movements for the cervical spine?

    <p>To determine the end feel of the movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate a lower-extremity radiculopathy during passive flexion with overpressure of the cervical spine?

    <p>Pain in the lower extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the test in which the examiner's second hand is placed over the sternum to prevent thoracic flexion during passive flexion?

    <p>Soto-Hall test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the increased range of motion in the supine position compared to sitting during passive side flexion of the cervical spine?

    <p>Relaxation of the neck muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing neck side flexion (C3 myotome and cranial nerve XI)?

    <p>The examiner places one hand above the patient’s ear and applies a side flexion force while stabilizing the trunk with the other hand on the opposite shoulder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing shoulder abduction (C5 myotome)?

    <p>The examiner asks the patient to elevate the arms to about 75° to 80° in the scapular plane with the elbows flexed to 90° and the forearms pronated or in neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing elbow flexion (C6 myotome)?

    <p>The examiner asks the patient to put the arms by the sides with the elbows flexed to 90° and forearms in neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing elbow extension (C7 myotome)?

    <p>The examiner asks the patient to put the arms by the sides with the elbows flexed to 90° and forearms in neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing wrist extension (C6 myotome)?

    <p>The examiner applies pressure to the forehead while stabilizing the trunk with a hand between the scapulae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing wrist flexion (C7 myotome)?

    <p>The examiner asks the patient to put the arms by the sides with the elbows flexed to 90° and forearms in neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Paresthesia in the hands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal lordotic curvature of the cervical spine?

    <p>10-20 degrees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements checks the mobility of the scapula on the thorax and movement of the upper ribs during the shoulder girdle scanning examination?

    <p>Shoulder abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of acute radiculopathies?

    <p>Symptoms radiate along a specific dermatome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common mechanism for nonpenetrating injury to the vertebral artery?

    <p>Whiplash injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During side flexion of the cervical spine, the examiner should ensure that the _______ moves toward the shoulder and not the shoulder toward the ear.

    <p>Head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is used to test the mobility of the scapula on the thorax and movement of the upper ribs?

    <p>Shoulder abduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the resisted isometric movements in the cervical spine examination?

    <p>To determine relative muscle strength of each movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct method for testing wrist flexion?

    <p>Active flexion of the wrist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint is checked for equality of movement of the condyles and for clicking or grinding?

    <p>Temporomandibular joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be noted if there is any restriction of movement or abnormal signs and symptoms during the examination of the elbow joints?

    <p>Altered signs and symptoms or restriction of motion in the wrist and hand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct method for testing finger abduction?

    <p>Active extension of the fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position is recommended for passive movements if the patient does not have full active range of motion or the examiner has not applied overpressure to determine the end feel of the movement?

    <p>Supine position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of movement is normally greater in the supine position compared to the active and passive range of motion in the sitting position?

    <p>Side flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement restriction should be tested with overpressure in addition to active movements for the cervical spine?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pain in the lower extremities during passive flexion with overpressure indicate?

    <p>Lower-extremity radiculopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During passive movements of the cervical spine, the examiner can palpate between which two structures to feel the relative amount of movement on each side?

    <p>Arch of C1 and spinous process of C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the examiner be careful about when applying overpressure to rotation or any combination of rotation, side flexion, and extension?

    <p>Thoracic flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about palpation of the cervical spine is correct?

    <p>The examiner can palpate between the spinous processes at each level while passively and progressively flexing the spine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about palpation of the occiput and C1 is correct?

    <p>The examiner holds the patient's head in position and palpates the transverse processes of C1.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about rotation at C1 to C2 is correct?

    <p>The examiner stands beside the seated patient and side bends the head and neck, followed by rotation to the opposite side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about end feel in passive movements of the cervical spine is correct?

    <p>The end feel should be a solid tissue stretch for all four movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the flexion-rotation test is correct?

    <p>The patient lies supine while the examiner flexes the neck fully and, while holding this position, passively rotates the head as far as possible within the patient’s comfort limits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about passive physiological intervertebral movements (PPIVMs) is correct?

    <p>PPIVMs involve passively moving the head through the different physiological movements while stabilizing or blocking the movement of one vertebral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing neck flexion (C1-C2 myotome)?

    <p>The examiner applies pressure to the forehead while stabilizing the trunk with a hand between the scapulae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing neck side flexion (C3 myotome and cranial nerve XI)?

    <p>The examiner places one hand above the patient's ear and applies a side flexion force while stabilizing the trunk with the other hand on the opposite shoulder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing shoulder abduction (C5 myotome)?

    <p>The examiner asks the patient to elevate the arms to about 75° to 80° in the scapular plane with the elbows flexed to 90° and the forearms pronated or in neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing elbow flexion (C6 myotome)?

    <p>The examiner asks the patient to put the arms by the sides with the elbows flexed to 90° and forearms in neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing wrist extension (C6 myotome)?

    <p>The examiner applies pressure to the forehead while stabilizing the trunk with a hand between the scapulae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct method for testing ulnar deviation (C8 myotome)?

    <p>The clinician stabilizes the patient's forearm with one hand and applies a radial deviation force to the side of the hand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the shoulder girdle during a tension test?

    <p>The shoulder girdle should be depressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is stressed during elbow extension?

    <p>Radial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is stressed during wrist and finger extension?

    <p>Ulnar nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should the elbow position be performed during the tension test?

    <p>Last</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final movement sometimes referred to as during a tension test?

    <p>Sensitizing test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine the effect of increased pressure on the spinal cord?

    <p>Valsalva Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests should always be performed, especially if treatment is to be given to the upper cervical spine?

    <p>Vertebral artery tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle function does the craniocervical flexion (CCF) test assess?

    <p>Deep cervical flexor muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a pneumatic pressure device in the craniocervical flexion (CCF) test?

    <p>To fill in the lordotic curve of the cervical spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can affect the reliability of special tests in the cervical spine?

    <p>Type of confirming test used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can the reader find information about the reliability, validity, specificity, sensitivity, and odds ratios of special tests used in the cervical spine?

    <p>In the appendix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common reason for performing special tests in the cervical spine?

    <p>To diagnose neurological injuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is performed by lifting the patient's head, applying traction to the cervical spine, and checking for relief or decrease in pain?

    <p>Distraction test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the doorbell sign test?

    <p>To check for radicular signs referred to the shoulder complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the foraminal compression (Spurling) test performed?

    <p>When the patient complains of nerve root symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive result in the foraminal compression (Spurling) test indicate?

    <p>Nerve root or facet joint pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the maximum cervical compression test?

    <p>To provoke symptoms in the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive result in the maximum cervical compression test indicate?

    <p>Pressure on a nerve root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a test used to differentiate cervical nerve root compression from shoulder lesions?

    <p>Arm Squeeze Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to assess the sensitivity of nerve roots and peripheral nerves to movement and tension caused by the movement?

    <p>Brachial Plexus Provocation Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of reduced endurance during the Deep Neck Flexor Endurance Test?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a positive test result for the Deep Neck Flexor Endurance Test?

    <p>Inability to increase pressure to at least 26 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a positive test result for the Brachial Plexus Provocation Test?

    <p>Loss of ≥30° of elbow extension and moderate pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a positive test result for the Brachial Plexus Compression Test?

    <p>Pain radiating into the shoulder or upper extremity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate for brachial plexus lesions by side flexing the patient's head and applying downward pressure on the opposite shoulder?

    <p>Shoulder Depression Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is positive if pain radiates into the arm, indicating pressure on a nerve root?

    <p>Jackson Compression Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to test for radicular symptoms and involves the patient actively elevating the arm through abduction so that the hand or forearm rests on top of the head?

    <p>Shoulder Abduction (Relief) Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate for brachial plexus lesions by tapping the area of the brachial plexus with a finger along the nerve trunks?

    <p>Tinel Sign for Brachial Plexus Lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to put stress on the neurological structures of the upper limb by stretching them, and is equivalent to the straight leg raising (SLR) test in the lumbar spine?

    <p>Upper Limb Neurodynamic (Tension) Tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate for irritation or compression of the nerve roots or foraminal encroachments, such as osteophytes in the area being compressed, or adhesions around the dural sleeves of the nerve and adjacent joint capsule?

    <p>Shoulder Depression Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to assess the function of the deep cervical flexor muscles?

    <p>Craniocervical Flexion Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about special tests in the cervical spine is correct?

    <p>Their reliability depends on the experience of the examiner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a reason for performing special tests in the cervical spine?

    <p>To confirm a diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests should always be performed if treatment is to be given to the upper cervical spine?

    <p>Vertebral artery tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the reliability of special tests in the cervical spine is correct?

    <p>It depends on the patient's relaxation level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can the reader find information about the reliability, validity, specificity, sensitivity, and odds ratios of special tests used in the cervical spine?

    <p>In the eAppendix 3.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a test used to differentiate cervical nerve root compression from shoulder lesions?

    <p>Arm Squeeze Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle initiates the flexion movement of the lower cervical spine if the deep neck flexors are weak?

    <p>Sternocleidomastoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum range of motion for flexion in the lower cervical spine?

    <p>24 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of reduced endurance during the Deep Neck Flexor Endurance Test?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a test for neurological symptoms?

    <p>Distraction Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a test used to assess the sensitivity of nerve roots and peripheral nerves to movement and tension caused by the movement?

    <p>Neurodynamic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate for brachial plexus lesions?

    <p>Shoulder Depression Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the test in which the examiner taps the area of the brachial plexus with a finger along the nerve trunks?

    <p>Tinel Sign for Brachial Plexus Lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to test for radicular symptoms, especially those involving the C4 or C5 nerve roots?

    <p>Shoulder Abduction (Relief) Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate for irritation or compression of the nerve roots or foraminal encroachments?

    <p>Shoulder Depression Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to put stress on the neurological structures of the upper limb by stretching them?

    <p>Upper Limb Neurodynamic (Tension) Tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate for brachial plexus lesions, plexopathies, and radiculopathies?

    <p>Scalene Cramp Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for performing tension tests on the cervical spine?

    <p>Upper limb symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following positions is essential when performing a shoulder girdle scanning examination?

    <p>Depressed shoulder girdle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is stressed when the elbow is extended during a tension test?

    <p>Radial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is stressed when the wrist and fingers are extended during a tension test?

    <p>Median nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements is typically performed last during a tension test on the cervical spine?

    <p>Elbow extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a modification of the ULNT4 test?

    <p>Brachial plexus tension test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to check radicular signs referred to the shoulder complex anteriorly or posteriorly?

    <p>Distraction test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the distraction test?

    <p>To check radicular signs referred to the shoulder complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is performed if the patient has complained of nerve root symptoms, which at the time of examination are diminished or absent?

    <p>Foraminal Compression (Spurling) Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Foraminal Compression (Spurling) Test?

    <p>To provoke symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test involves compression with the head in neutral, extension, and extension with rotation to the unaffected side?

    <p>Foraminal Compression (Spurling) Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Foraminal Compression (Spurling) Test?

    <p>To provoke symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to differentiate dizziness or vertigo caused by articular problems from that caused by vascular problems?

    <p>Hautant’s Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of performing the vertebral artery tests in cervical spine assessment?

    <p>To decrease the risk of complications during end-range mobilization or manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position is recommended for performing the vertebral artery tests?

    <p>Sitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the cervical spine should be performed along with active movements to get a true impression of end feel?

    <p>Flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom associated with cervical arterial dissection?

    <p>Neck pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should the patient hold a specific position during provocative positional testing?

    <p>10 to 20 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess the integrity of the supporting ligamentous and capsular tissues of the cervical spine?

    <p>Anterior shear or sagittal stress test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine instability of the atlanto-axial articulation caused by odontoid dysplasia?

    <p>Lateral shear test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess the function of the semicircular canals of the inner ear?

    <p>Temperature (Caloric) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for cervical instability resulting from ligament damage, bone or joint damage, or weak muscles?

    <p>Lateral flexion alar ligament stress test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess the integrity of the vertebral arteries and the semicircular canals of the inner ear?

    <p>Hallpike-Dix maneuver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to rule out instability in the cervical spine before performing mobilization or manipulation techniques?

    <p>Lateral flexion alar ligament stress test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for cervical myelopathy by evaluating grip and release speed?

    <p>Grip and Release test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for spinal cord involvement and possible upper motor neuron lesion?

    <p>Lhermitte Sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for an upper motor neuron lesion by evaluating balance and sway?

    <p>Romberg test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test involves passive flexion of the patient's head and one hip to assess for dural or meningeal irritation in the spine or possible cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Lhermitte Sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflexes may indicate a cervical myelopathy when they are positive?

    <p>Babinski and Hoffman reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for cervical myelopathy by evaluating grip and release speed over 10 seconds?

    <p>Grip and Release test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Vertebral Artery (Cervical Quadrant) Test?

    <p>To provoke referring symptoms if the opposite artery is affected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Underburg’s Test?

    <p>To assess the blood supply to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Dizziness Test?

    <p>To test for vertigo and dizziness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Static Vertebral Artery Tests?

    <p>To test the vertebral artery for any pathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the DeKleyn-Nieuwenhuyse test?

    <p>To test the upper cervical spine for any pathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the examiner compressing the veins and asking the patient to cough?

    <p>To check for any nerve root problem or space-occupying lesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test assesses the stability between the occiput and atlas in the posterior part of the neck?

    <p>Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine subluxation of the atlas on the axis?

    <p>Sharp-Purser Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is primarily assessed in the Rotational Alar Ligament Stress Test?

    <p>Alar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to test for hypermobility at the atlanto-axial articulation?

    <p>Rey-Eiriz posterior-anterior middle cervical spine gliding test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is tested in the Aspinall transverse ligament test?

    <p>Transverse ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive test result in the Sharp-Purser Test indicative of?

    <p>Subluxation of the atlas on the axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a test used to differentiate dizziness or vertigo caused by joint problems from that caused by vascular problems?

    <p>Hautant’s Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Barré Test?

    <p>To test for diminished blood flow to the brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is especially vulnerable to injury as it transitions from its protective area in the foramen transversarium within the cervical spine transverse processes?

    <p>Vertebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position for performing the vertebral artery tests?

    <p>Sitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive test result in the Grip and Release Test indicative of?

    <p>Cervical myelopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive Lhermitte Sign test indicate?

    <p>Spinal cord irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive Romberg Test indicate?

    <p>Upper motor neuron lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflexes may indicate cervical myelopathy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate the integrity of the supporting ligamentous and capsular tissues of the cervical spine?

    <p>Anterior Shear or Sagittal Stress Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive sign during the Anterior Shear or Sagittal Stress Test, especially when the upper cervical spine is tested?

    <p>Nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Temperature (Caloric) Test?

    <p>To indicate inner ear problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is considered a positive Barré-Lieou sign if it causes symptoms?

    <p>Sustained full neck and head rotation, right and left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive Temperature (Caloric) Test indicate?

    <p>Vertigo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate the vertebral arteries progressively from the lower cervical spine to the upper cervical spine?

    <p>DeKleyn-Nieuwenhuyse test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is considered positive if there is dropping of the arms, loss of balance, or pronation of the hands?

    <p>Underburg’s Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement is more likely to test the vertebral artery?

    <p>Sustained full neck and head rotation with extension right and left</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess the stability between the occiput and atlas in the posterior part of the neck?

    <p>Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive result in the Sharp-Purser Test indicative of?

    <p>Subluxation of the atlas on the axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Aspinall transverse ligament test?

    <p>To test for hypermobility at the atlanto-axial articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to test for hypomobility in the middle cervical spine?

    <p>Posterior-anterior middle cervical spine gliding test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate instability in the cervical spine?

    <p>Lump in the throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate the integrity of the supporting ligamentous and capsular tissues of the cervical spine?

    <p>Anterior Shear or Sagittal Stress Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate inner ear problems?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arteries may be affected if the patient experiences dizziness when rotating the shoulders?

    <p>Vertebral arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of cervical spine instability?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine instability of the atlanto-axial articulation caused by odontoid dysplasia?

    <p>Lateral (Transverse) Shear Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery is especially vulnerable to injury as it transitions from its protective area in the foramen transversarium within the cervical spine transverse processes?

    <p>Vertebral artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency?

    <p>Blurred vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing vertebral artery tests, it is recommended to hold the patient in the position where the treatment will be given for at least how many seconds?

    <p>20 to 30 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess dizziness or vertigo caused by vascular problems?

    <p>Hautant's Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is considered positive if one arm slowly falls with simultaneous forearm pronation?

    <p>Barré Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position is recommended for performing vertebral artery tests to make them more effective?

    <p>Sitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a test used to evaluate the vertebral artery by progressively moving from the lower cervical spine to the upper cervical spine?

    <p>DeKleyn-Nieuwenhuyse test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to assess nerve root compression in the lower cervical spine?

    <p>DeKleyn-Nieuwenhuyse test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests involves extension and rotation of the neck to assess the vertebral arteries?

    <p>Underburg's Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is considered positive if there is dropping of the arms, loss of balance, or pronation of the hands?

    <p>Underburg's Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to evaluate dizziness or vertigo caused by joint problems?

    <p>Hallpike maneuver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests involves passive rotation of the patient's head while the shoulders remain stationary?

    <p>Dizziness Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for cervical myelopathy by evaluating grip and release performance over a 10-second period?

    <p>Grip and Release Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive finding on the Grip and Release Test that may indicate cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Inability to perform 20 times in 10 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for spinal cord involvement and possible upper motor neuron lesion by inducing a sharp, electric shock-like pain down the spine and into the upper or lower limbs?

    <p>Lhermitte Sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive finding on the Lhermitte Sign that may indicate dural or meningeal irritation in the spine or possible cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Pain in the head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for an upper motor neuron lesion by evaluating balance and body sway with closed eyes?

    <p>Romberg Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive finding on the Romberg Test that may indicate an upper motor neuron lesion?

    <p>Excessive body sway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test assesses the stability between the occiput and atlas in the posterior part of the neck?

    <p>Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive result for the Rotational Alar Ligament Stress Test indicative of?

    <p>Injury to the contralateral alar ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine subluxation of the atlas on the axis?

    <p>Sharp-Purser Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Aspinall transverse ligament test?

    <p>To test for hypermobility at the atlanto-axial articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive result for the Sharp-Purser Test indicative of?

    <p>Reduction of subluxation of the atlas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to test for hypomobility in the middle cervical spine?

    <p>Rey-Eiriz et al. test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate for dural or meningeal irritation in the spine or possible cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Lhermitte Sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive result in the Grip and Release Test indicative of?

    <p>Cervical myelopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive Romberg Test indicate?

    <p>Upper motor neuron lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is similar to a combination of the Brudzinski test and the SLR test?

    <p>Soto-Hall Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive result in the Soto-Hall Test indicative of?

    <p>Cervical myelopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflexes may indicate a cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Babinski and Hoffman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for instability in the supporting ligamentous and capsular tissues of the cervical spine?

    <p>Anterior Shear or Sagittal Stress Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive test result in the Anterior Shear or Sagittal Stress Test indicative of?

    <p>Dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for instability of the atlanto-axial articulation caused by odontoid dysplasia?

    <p>Lateral (Transverse) Shear Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive test result in the Lateral (Transverse) Shear Test indicative of?

    <p>Nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Temperature (Caloric) Test?

    <p>To determine inner ear problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive test result in the Temperature (Caloric) Test indicative of?

    <p>Dizziness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests should be terminated if the patient experiences light-headedness or similar symptoms?

    <p>Compression of the veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following positions is considered to be the most provocative in testing the vertebral artery?

    <p>Sustained full neck and head rotation with extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to evaluate the vertebral artery and progressively moves from the lower cervical spine to the upper cervical spine?

    <p>Vertebral Artery (Cervical Quadrant) Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is considered positive if the patient experiences dropping of the arms, loss of balance, or pronation of the hands?

    <p>Underburg’s Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements should be performed if symptoms occur with the first test during the passive movements testing?

    <p>Sustained full neck and head extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to assess nerve root compression in the lower cervical spine?

    <p>DeKleyn-Nieuwenhuyse test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test assesses the stability between the occiput and atlas in the posterior part of the neck?

    <p>Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is indicative of injury to the contralateral alar ligament?

    <p>Rotational Alar Ligament Stress Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine subluxation of the atlas on the axis?

    <p>Sharp-Purser Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to test for hypermobility at the atlanto-axial articulation?

    <p>Aspinall transverse ligament test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is recommended if the Sharp-Purser test is negative?

    <p>Aspinall transverse ligament test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to test for hypomobility in the middle cervical spine?

    <p>Rey-Eiriz posterior-anterior middle cervical spine gliding test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess dizziness or vertigo caused by vascular problems?

    <p>Hautant’s Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of vertebral and internal carotid artery testing during cervical spine assessment?

    <p>To decrease the risk of complications during end-range mobilization or manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which position is recommended for performing vertebral artery tests?

    <p>Sitting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of a positive Barré Test?

    <p>Diminished blood flow to the brain stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the patient be tested in the position in which the treatment will be given during vertebral artery testing?

    <p>To ensure there are no latent symptoms from the previous test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Australian Physiotherapy Association’s protocol for pre-manipulative testing of the cervical spine?

    <p>To decrease the risk of complications during mobilization or manipulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate the stability between the occiput and atlas in the posterior part of the neck?

    <p>Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament maintains the position of the odontoid process relative to C1?

    <p>Transverse ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine subluxation of the atlas on the axis?

    <p>Sharp-Purser Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to test for hypermobility at the atlanto-axial articulation?

    <p>Aspinall transverse ligament test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess the integrity of the vertebral arteries and the semicircular canals of the inner ear?

    <p>Temperature (Caloric) Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to test for hypomobility in the middle cervical spine?

    <p>Rey-Eiriz et al. test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive sign in the Anterior Shear or Sagittal Stress Test?

    <p>Nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to evaluate for dural or meningeal irritation in the spine or possible cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Anterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is tested in the Lateral Flexion Alar Ligament Stress Test?

    <p>Alar ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Lateral (Transverse) Shear Test?

    <p>To determine instability of the atlanto-axial articulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive sign in the Lateral Flexion Alar Ligament Stress Test?

    <p>Tissue stretch with an abrupt stop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive sign in the Lateral (Transverse) Shear Test?

    <p>Minimal motion and no symptoms (spinal cord or vascular)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Grip and Release Test (10-Second Test)?

    <p>To assess grip strength in patients with cervical myelopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive Lhermitte Sign indicate?

    <p>Spinal cord or upper motor neuron lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive Romberg Test indicate?

    <p>An upper motor neuron lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are positive pathological reflexes indicative of?

    <p>Cervical myelopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Soto-Hall test?

    <p>To test for upper motor neuron lesions in the cervical spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive Coughing or sneezing test indicative of?

    <p>Dural or meningeal irritation in the spine or possible cervical myelopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a test used to differentiate dizziness or vertigo caused by joint problems from that caused by vascular problems?

    <p>Hautant’s Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests involves the patient standing with the shoulders forward flexed to 90°, elbows straight and forearms supinated, palms up and eyes closed, holding the position for 10 to 20 seconds?

    <p>Barré Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests involves the patient sitting and forward flexing both arms to 90°, and then rotating or extending and rotating the neck while the eyes are closed?

    <p>Hautant’s Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests involves the examiner standing behind the patient with fingers over the patient’s jugular veins?

    <p>Naffziger Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to assess the vertebral arteries by testing the upper cervical spine and the rest of the cervical spine?

    <p>Ten-Second Step Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests should be performed in the position in which the treatment will be given and held for at least 10 to 30 seconds, especially if the technique is an end-range technique or involves the upper cervical spine?

    <p>Ten-Second Step Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Underburg's Test?

    <p>To assess the blood supply to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Vertebral Artery (Cervical Quadrant) Test?

    <p>To assess the blood supply to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the DeKleyn-Nieuwenhuyse test?

    <p>To assess nerve root compression in the lower cervical spine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Dizziness Test?

    <p>To test for dizziness and vertigo caused by articular problems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Aspinall transverse ligament test?

    <p>To assess the stability between the occiput and atlas in the posterior part of the neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Static Vertebral Artery Tests?

    <p>To assess the blood supply to the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is normally responsible for resisting anterior shear at the atlanto-axial articulation?

    <p>Transverse ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are positive symptoms that may occur during the test for hypermobility at the atlanto-axial articulation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the cervical spine be positioned during the Cervical Flexion Rotation Test?

    <p>Neutral position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement restriction should be tested with overpressure in addition to active movements for the cervical spine?

    <p>Lateral flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle function does the craniocervical flexion (CCF) test assess?

    <p>Deep neck flexors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During flexion of the upper cervical spine, the intervertebral foramen is _______ on flexion than on extension.

    <p>larger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of performing the vertebral artery tests in cervical spine assessment?

    <p>To test the tectorial membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Pain or paresthesia in the lower extremities during passive flexion with overpressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements is considered positive for pain and dysfunction arising from the C1-C2 segment in cervicogenic headaches?

    <p>Rotation of the head left and right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a test used to differentiate cervical nerve root compression from shoulder lesions?

    <p>Soto-Hall Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is responsible for resisting anterior shear at the atlanto-axial articulation?

    <p>Transverse ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are positive symptoms that may occur during the test for hypermobility at the atlanto-axial articulation?

    <p>All of the above symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement of the cervical spine should be performed along with active movements to get a true impression of end feel?

    <p>Extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine the mobility of the upper cervical spine (C1-C2) and to determine if it is the cause of a cervicogenic headache?

    <p>Cervical Flexion Rotation Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test involves passive flexion of the patient's head and one hip to assess for dural or meningeal irritation in the spine or possible cervical myelopathy?

    <p>Straight Leg Raise Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Pettman's Distraction Test, the patient lies supine with the head in neutral position. The examiner applies gentle traction to the head. If the patient complains of symptoms, such as pain or paresthesia in the second position, what does it indicate?

    <p>A lax tectorial membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of testing for first rib mobility when examining the cervical spine?

    <p>To assess the presence of hypomobility or tightness in the first rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the first test for first rib mobility, the patient lies supine while fully supported. The examiner palpates the first rib bilaterally lateral to T1 and places his or her fingers along the path of the patient’s ribs just posterior to the clavicles. What should the examiner note during this test?

    <p>The movement of both first ribs as the patient takes a deep breath in and out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the second test for first rib mobility, the patient lies prone. The examiner palpates the first rib and pushes it caudally, noting the amount of movement, end feel, and presence of pain. What is the purpose of this test?

    <p>To assess the presence of hypomobility or tightness in the first rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate a cervicogenic cause of restricted range of motion to one side, in addition to a headache?

    <p>C1–C2 dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament is responsible for resisting anterior shear at the atlanto-axial articulation?

    <p>Transverse ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive result for the Transverse Ligament Stress Test indicative of?

    <p>Hypermobility at the atlanto-axial joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of a positive Cervical Flexion Rotation Test?

    <p>Cervicogenic headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may indicate a cervicogenic cause of restricted range of motion to one side, in addition to a headache?

    <p>Pain radiating into the arm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can abnormalities in one area frequently affect?

    <p>The neural arch of C1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a test used to assess the tectorial membrane?

    <p>Pettman's Distraction Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of testing first rib mobility when examining the cervical spine?

    <p>To assess thoracic spine mobility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess the movement of the first rib during deep breathing?

    <p>First Rib Mobility Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive result for the First Rib Mobility Test indicative of?

    <p>Hypomobility of the first rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct method for testing the movement of the first rib in the prone position?

    <p>Palpate the first rib and push it caudally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is the upper limb equivalent of the Babinski test?

    <p>Hoffmann sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inverted supinator sign also known as?

    <p>Inverted brachioradialis jerk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess for clonus?

    <p>Dorsiflexion of the ankle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are primarily affected in Erb-Duchenne Paralysis?

    <p>Shoulder region and elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are primarily affected in Klumpke Paralysis?

    <p>Forearm and hand muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common symptom associated with brachial plexus birth palsy?

    <p>Paresthesia in one or both hands and all digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex should be checked for differences between the two sides to assess the cervical spine?

    <p>Jaw jerk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a normal (negative) jaw jerk combined with positive (exaggerated) tendon reflexes in the upper limb suggest?

    <p>The lesion is below the foramen magnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the biceps and jaw jerk reflexes tested?

    <p>By tapping the biceps tendon with a reflex hammer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflexes are tested by directly tapping the tendon or muscle?

    <p>Brachioradialis and triceps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should each of the cranial nerves be tested?

    <p>When there is suspected neurological involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex should be tested with a tongue depressor?

    <p>Jaw jerk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common position for palpation of the posterior structures of the neck?

    <p>Supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is the most obvious point on the external occipital protuberance?

    <p>Inion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinous processes are the most obvious when palpating the occiput of the skull and descending in the midline?

    <p>C2, C6, and C7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the examiner differentiate between the C6 and C7 spinous processes?

    <p>By passively flexing and extending the patient's neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the facet joints of the cervical vertebrae usually palpated?

    <p>1.3 to 2.5 cm (0.5 to 1 inch) lateral to the spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure can be palpated by following the posterior aspect of the ear?

    <p>Mastoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the joint play movements carried out in the cervical spine?

    <p>Passive intervertebral movements (PIVMs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves the examiner holding the patient's head and moving it from side to side, keeping the head parallel to the shoulders?

    <p>Side Glide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves the examiner holding the patient's head with one hand around the occiput and one hand around the chin, and drawing the head forward in the same plane as the shoulders?

    <p>Anterior and Posterior Glide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves the examiner placing one hand around the patient's chin and the other hand on the occiput, and applying traction in a straight longitudinal direction?

    <p>Traction Glide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement involves the examiner palpating the spinous processes of the cervical spine and applying pressure through the thumbs to push the vertebra forward?

    <p>Vertebral Pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which technique is specific to each vertebra and is applied to each vertebra in turn to determine the quality of movement and the end feel?

    <p>Passive accessory intervertebral movements (PAIVMs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During flexion, the space between the mastoid and the transverse processes ________.

    <p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lymph nodes are palpable only if ________.

    <p>they are swollen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The carotid pulse may be palpated in the midportion of the neck, between ________.

    <p>the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The TMJ may be palpated anterior to ________.

    <p>the external ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The angle of the mandible is at the level of ________.

    <p>the C2 vertebra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hyoid bone may be palpated as part of the superior part of the trachea above ________.

    <p>the thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of an upper motor neuron lesion in the lower limb?

    <p>Babinski reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upper limb equivalent of the Babinski test?

    <p>Hoffmann sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test involves the examiner flicking the distal phalanx of the patient's middle finger?

    <p>Hoffmann sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test involves the examiner rapidly tapping near the styloid process at the wrist?

    <p>Inverted supinator sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During flexion, the space between the mastoid and the transverse processes

    <p>increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the lymph nodes palpable?

    <p>Along the line of the sternocleidomastoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can the carotid pulse be palpated?

    <p>In the midportion of the neck, between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the TMJ palpated?

    <p>Anterior to the external ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements involves the examiner holding the patient's head and moving it from side to side, keeping the head parallel to the shoulders?

    <p>Side Glide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements involves the examiner holding the patient's head with one hand around the occiput and one hand around the chin, and drawing the head forward in the same plane as the shoulders?

    <p>Anterior Glide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements involves the examiner placing one hand around the patient's chin and the other hand on the occiput, and applying traction in a straight longitudinal direction?

    <p>Traction Glide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements involves the examiner palpating the spinous processes of the cervical spine and applying pressure through the thumbs to push the vertebra forward?

    <p>Vertebral Pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflexes should be checked for differences between the two sides during neurological assessment of the cervical spine?

    <p>Biceps reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex, combined with positive tendon reflexes in the upper limb, suggests that the lesion is below the foramen magnum?

    <p>Jaw jerk reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflexes are tested by directly tapping the tendon or muscle?

    <p>Biceps and triceps reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves should be tested if the examiner suspects involvement of the cranial nerves?

    <p>All cranial nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most appropriate position for the patient during palpation of the posterior structures of the neck?

    <p>Supine with maximum relaxation of the neck muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures can be palpated to determine relative movement between the cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Spinous processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the easiest to palpate when examining the lateral aspect of the neck?

    <p>C1 transverse process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures can be palpated if the musculature is sufficiently relaxed?

    <p>C6 spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies anterior to the C2-C3 vertebrae?

    <p>Hyoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During side flexion of the cervical spine, which structure should move toward the shoulder?

    <p>Thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies over the angle of the mandible?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies above the site for an emergency tracheostomy?

    <p>First cricoid ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure may be palpated anterior to the external ear?

    <p>Thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies along the line of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

    <p>Hyoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflexes should be checked for differences between the two sides during a neurological assessment of the cervical spine?

    <p>Biceps reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is tested by placing the thumb over the patient’s biceps tendon and tapping the thumbnail with a reflex hammer?

    <p>Jaw jerk reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a normal (negative) jaw jerk combined with positive (exaggerated) tendon reflexes in the upper limb suggest?

    <p>The lesion is below the foramen magnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the brachioradialis reflex tested?

    <p>By tapping the patient's brachioradialis tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the triceps reflex tested?

    <p>By tapping the patient's triceps tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves should be tested if the examiner suspects involvement of the cranial nerves?

    <p>Facial nerve (VII)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex is the upper limb equivalent of the Babinski test?

    <p>Hoffmann sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inverted supinator sign also called?

    <p>Brachioradialis jerk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to assess upper motor neuron lesions?

    <p>Clonus test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common experience in lesions of the cervical spine?

    <p>Referred pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What muscles are primarily affected in Erb-Duchenne Paralysis?

    <p>Muscles of the shoulder region and elbow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of brachial plexus injury in infants?

    <p>Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is palpated on the posterior midline of the occiput?

    <p>External occipital protuberance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following spinous processes is palpated as the first bump when descending in the midline from the occiput of the skull?

    <p>C2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the examiner differentiate between C6 and C7 spinous processes?

    <p>By passively flexing and extending the patient's neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the facet joints of the cervical vertebrae palpated?

    <p>1.3 to 2.5 cm (0.5 to 1 inch) lateral to the spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is palpated if the examiner follows the posterior aspect of the ear and feels a point on the skull where the finger dips inward?

    <p>Mastoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures are palpated on the lateral aspect of the neck?

    <p>Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements involves the examiner holding the patient's head and moving it from side to side, keeping the head parallel to the shoulders?

    <p>Side Glide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements involves the examiner holding the patient's head with one hand around the occiput and one hand around the chin, and drawing the head forward in the same plane as the shoulders?

    <p>Anterior Glide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements involves the examiner placing one hand around the patient's chin and the other hand on the occiput, and applying traction in a straight longitudinal direction?

    <p>Traction Glide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements involves the examiner palpating the spinous processes of the cervical spine and applying pressure through the thumbs pushing carefully from the shoulders?

    <p>Vertebral Pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements are sometimes called passive accessory intervertebral movements (PAIVMs) and are specific to each vertebra?

    <p>Passive Accessory Intervertebral Movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements involve the patient lying prone with the forehead resting on the back of the hands, and the examiner applying pressure through the thumbs pushing carefully from the shoulders?

    <p>Vertebral Pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following joint play movements involves the examiner holding the patient's head and moving it from side to side, keeping the head parallel to the shoulders?

    <p>Side Glide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the traction glide joint play movement?

    <p>To apply traction in a straight longitudinal direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint play movements are sometimes called passive accessory intervertebral movements (PAIVMs)?

    <p>Traction Glide and Vertebral Pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the vertebral pressures joint play movements, the examiner palpates the spinous processes of the cervical spine starting at the C2 spinous process and working downward to the T2 spinous process. True or False?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which joint play movement involves the examiner applying pressure through the thumbs pushing carefully from the shoulders, and pushing the vertebra forward?

    <p>Vertebral Pressures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would indicate hypomobility during the vertebral pressures joint play movements?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is palpated anterior to the C2-C3 vertebrae?

    <p>Hyoid bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the carotid pulse palpated?

    <p>Between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the TMJ?

    <p>It can be palpated anterior to the external ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first part of the trachea?

    <p>First cricoid ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the paranasal sinuses palpated?

    <p>In the frontal and maxillary regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of palpating the supraclavicular fossa?

    <p>To assess for swollen glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reflex should be checked for differences between the two sides in the cervical spine?

    <p>Jaw jerk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a normal (negative) jaw jerk combined with positive (exaggerated) tendon reflexes in the upper limb suggest?

    <p>The lesion is below the foramen magnum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the biceps and jaw jerk reflexes tested?

    <p>By tapping the thumb with the reflex hammer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the brachioradialis and triceps reflexes tested?

    <p>By tapping the brachioradialis tendon with the reflex hammer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should each of the cranial nerves be tested?

    <p>If the examiner suspects involvement of the cranial nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the reflexes tested with?

    <p>Reflex hammer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of an upper motor neuron lesion in the lower limb?

    <p>Positive clonus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are primarily affected in Erb-Duchenne Paralysis?

    <p>Muscles of the shoulder region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve roots are involved in Klumpke (Dejerine-Klumpke) Paralysis?

    <p>C8, T1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of brachial plexus injuries in infants?

    <p>External pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the release phenomenon in brachial plexus injuries?

    <p>Delayed onset of pins and needles after compression is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles of the cervical spine are responsible for referral of pain?

    <p>Muscles of the cervical spine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most appropriate technique for palpating the posterior structures of the neck?

    <p>Palpating with the patient supine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most accurate way to differentiate between the spinous processes of C6 and C7?

    <p>Passively flexing and extending the patient's neck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common way to palpate the facet joints of the cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Palpating 1.3 to 2.5 cm lateral to the spinous process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is palpated below and behind the earlobe?

    <p>Mastoid process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most accurate way to palpate the transverse processes of C1?

    <p>Palpating the mastoid processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is palpated in the midline of the occiput?

    <p>Inion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Overview of Cervical Spine Anatomy and Pathology

    • The cervical spine can be affected by osteophyte formation, facet joint injury, and vascular risk factors.
    • The vertebral and internal carotid arteries can be stressed by certain movements, leading to decreased blood flow.
    • Injury to the vertebral artery can cause symptoms such as vertigo, balance deficits, arm paresthesia, and even stroke or death.
    • Pathology in the lower cervical spine can result in neck pain, arm pain, headaches, restricted range of motion, and radicular signs.
    • The cervical spine has 14 facet joints, which allow for flexion, extension, and coupled movement.
    • The facet joints are synovial joints and can degenerate, particularly in the C5 to C7 levels.
    • The cervical spine is supported by ligaments such as the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.
    • The uncinate joints or joints of Luschka limit side flexion in the cervical spine.
    • The intervertebral discs make up 25% of the height of the cervical spine and provide its lordotic shape.
    • The cervical spine consists of seven vertebrae, with the body of each vertebra supporting the weight of those above it.
    • The cervical spine has eight cervical nerve roots, with the C1 nerve root exiting between the occiput and C1.
    • Patient history should include information on age, signs and symptoms, severity and location of symptoms, and risk factors for recovery.

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    Description

    Quiz: Understanding the Function and Structure of Transverse Processes in the Cervical Spine Test your knowledge on the function and structure of transverse processes in the cervical spine. Learn about the different parts and their roles, including the anterior portion and the posterior portion with articular facets. Explore the relationship between spinous processes and facet joints. Take this quiz to enhance your understanding of the cervical spine!

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