Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the result of forward head posture on the cervical spine?
Which landmark corresponds to the inferior border of the scapula?
Which muscles are considered deep and shortened due to hunchback posture?
What anatomical feature is unique to the cervical spine?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does shoulder protraction have on the shoulders?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) have during spinal extension?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ligament fuses with the nuchal ligament at the C7/T1 level?
Signup and view all the answers
During lateral bending, which ligaments become elongated on one side?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) change in the cervical spine?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the spinous processes during trunk flexion?
Signup and view all the answers
What occurs to the facets of the vertebrae during forward flexion?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the angulation of the cervical facets during movement?
Signup and view all the answers
During extension of the occiput on C1, which motion occurs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a potential consequence of sitting and leaning forward?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the ASIS and PSIS during a 90-degree standing position?
Signup and view all the answers
Which muscle group primarily provides stability to the spine?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does keeping weight closer to the body have during movement?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following actions would involve the sagittal plane of motion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which space in the shoulder is associated with the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the vestibular system play in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
Reaching for an object on a table typically creates what kind of lever arm effect?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is most often associated with supraspinatus injuries?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the brain and cerebellum contribute to reflex actions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which nerve innervates the biceps muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
At what point does the axillary artery begin?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ligament of the glenohumeral joint prevents the humeral head from translating too far inferiorly?
Signup and view all the answers
Which muscles are involved in glenohumeral abduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the transverse humeral ligament?
Signup and view all the answers
Which forces contribute to the upward rotation of the scapulothoracic joint?
Signup and view all the answers
How does the position of the clavicle affect shoulder movement?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ligament prevents the clavicle from separating from the scapula during arm movements?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Dorsal Ramus (Posterior Ramus)
- Posterior ramus innervates the back muscles.
- Deltoid muscle ends at the crease on the shoulder.
- Pectoralis Major can be palpated at the crease underneath the arm (axillary fold).
- The inferior border of the scapula indicates the level of T7 vertebrae.
Postural Analysis & Torque
- The spine acts as the axis of the body.
- Deviations from the neutral spine position create torque, requiring muscles to work harder.
- Forward head posture increases torque on the cervical spine.
- Shoulder protraction increases torque at the shoulders.
- Hunchback posture causes increased kyphosis and loss of lordosis in the thoracic and cervical spine.
- Muscles shortened in hunchback: splenius cervicis, cervical triangle muscles, pectoralis major and minor, and internal shoulder rotators.
- Muscles elongated in hunchback: rhomboids, latissimus dorsi, splenius, external shoulder rotators, and posterior deltoid fibers.
Cervical Spine Anatomy
- Palpate cervical vertebrae for understanding anatomy.
- Cervical vertebrae have transverse foramina that house the vertebral arteries.
- The cervical triangle is crucial for understanding the deep cervical muscles.
- Loss of disc height in elderly individuals can lead to vertebral artery compression, causing temporary loss of blood flow to the brain when looking upward.
Ligaments of the Spine
- Major ligaments: supraspinous, anterior longitudinal, posterior longitudinal, intertransverse, interspinous, and nuchal ligaments.
- The posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) becomes the tectorial membrane in the upper cervical region.
- The anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL) restricts spinal extension.
- The supraspinous ligament fuses with the nuchal ligament at C7/T1 level.
- The interspinous ligament limits spinal flexion.
Bending of the Spine
- Spinous processes: move apart during trunk flexion and lateral bending.
- Intertransverse ligaments: elongate on the contralateral side during lateral flexion.
- Body of vertebrae: move closer together anteriorly during forward flexion.
- Facets: glide anteriorly and superiorly during forward flexion.
- Lamina: moves apart during forward flexion.
Arthrokinematics of the Spine
- Facets: C-spine (45°), T-spine (60-90°), L-spine (90°).
- Facets glide anteriorly and superiorly during forward flexion.
- Occiput on C1: anterior roll and posterior glide during flexion.
- Occiput on C1: posterior roll and anterior glide during extension.
Biomechanics of Postures
- Supine, sitting, and standing straight are ideal postures.
- Leaning forward increases intradiscal pressure.
- Maintaining lumbar lordosis during sitting is crucial for reducing intradiscal pressure.
Biomechanics of Pelvis on Lumbar Spine
- ASIS and PSIS: ASIS disappears when standing at 90 degrees while PSIS moves forward.
- Deeper muscles (multifidi) provide more stability to the spine than superficial muscles.
- Erector spinae muscles contribute to both stability and mobility of the spine.
Biomechanics of Decreased Injury
- Keeping the weight closer to the desired target reduces injury risk.
- Align body forces to work with gravity efficiently.
- Center of mass should align with the center of gravity for optimal balance.
- Reaching forward creates an opposite lever arm, requiring posterior movement of the leg for balance.
Basic Anatomical Terminology
- Know the meaning of terms: protraction, retraction, supination, pronation.
- Understand the planes of movement and anatomical position.
Vestibular System
- Vestibular system: responsible for balance.
- Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract (LVST): affects balance.
- Medial Vestibulospinal Tract (MVST): does not affect balance.
Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Contributions
- Upper motor neurons (UMN): originate in the brain and cerebellum.
- Lower motor neurons (LMN): innervate muscles.
- UMN and LMN contribute to reflex mechanisms.
Ligaments of the Shoulder
- Know the location of the subacromial space and its importance for the supraspinatus tendon.
Spaces in the Shoulder
- Quadrangular space: contains the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery.
- Triangular Interval: contains the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery.
- Triangular Space: contains the circumflex scapular artery and vein.
Brachial Plexus
- Understand the pathways of the brachial plexus from roots to the elbow.
- Know the innervations for different muscles (e.g., biceps, deltoid, coracobrachialis).
Axillary Artery
- The axillary artery originates after the first rib (continuation of the subclavian artery).
- The inferior border of the teres major marks the end of the axillary artery.
Biomechanics of Glenohumeral Joint
- Proximal clavicle: vertical position during arm elevation (superior roll and inferior glide).
- Proximal clavicle: horizontal position during protraction (anterior roll and glide) and retraction (posterior roll and glide).
- Lateral end of clavicle: posterior roll above 90° during flexion and abduction.
AC Joint Ligaments
- Trapezoid and conoid ligaments: attach to the clavicle and limit clavicle separation during arm flexion and extension.
- Coracoid process: attached to the scapula by ligaments that prevent clavicle rotation.
Glenohumeral Joint Ligaments
- Coracohumeral ligament: restricts GH rotation by preventing inferior displacement of the humeral head.
- Transverse humeral ligament: converts the bicipital groove into a canal, securing the biceps tendon during movements.
- Coraco-acromial ligament: forms a protective arch over the humeral head, preventing superior displacement and limiting external rotation.
Force Couples
- GH abduction: supraspinatus and middle deltoid muscles.
- Scapular upward rotation: upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior muscles.
- Scapular downward rotation: rhomboids, latissimus dorsi, and pectoralis minor muscles.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the dorsal ramus and its role in innervating back muscles, as well as the effects of various postures on spinal torque. It includes important landmarks such as the level of the T7 vertebrae and how deviations affect muscle function. Test your understanding of spinal anatomy and the implications of posture for back health.
