new Cervical Cancer and HPV Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which high-risk HPV subtypes increase cancer risk?

  • By inhibiting the body's immune response
  • By increasing the cell population
  • By causing insertional mutagenesis in the human genome (correct)
  • By activating the p53 tumor suppressor gene

    • Why is it important to counsel patients about HPV being a sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

  • The behavior and resolution of HPV infections differ from other STIs. (correct)
  • HPV can be treated with antibiotics.
  • HPV can be easily identified through routine blood tests.
  • HPV has the same risk profile as other STIs.

    • How does the absence of the p53 gene affect cell behavior in HPV-infected individuals?

  • It promotes the likelihood of cellular abnormalities and cancer development. (correct)
  • It stops cell division completely.
  • It leads to enhanced immune response.
  • It allows for rapid virus clearance from the body.

    • What is the natural progression of HPV-related cellular changes?

    <p>Progression from mild dysplasia to severe dysplasia over many years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes the T-zone particularly susceptible to HPV infection?

    <p>It is where squamous and columnar cells meet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cervical cancer cases worldwide occur in developing countries?

    <p>85%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of cervical cancer screening?

    <p>Prevention of morbidity and mortality from cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HPV types are responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancers?

    <p>Types 16 and 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key learning from cervical screening regarding HPV?

    <p>Long term, high risk HPV infection is the main concern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the HPV vaccine is true?

    <p>It protects against 90% of cases of cervical cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What risk may be associated with treatments for HPV-related conditions?

    <p>Cervical insufficiency in future pregnancies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has cervical cancer incidence changed in the United States since the introduction of the pap smear?

    <p>Decreased by 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary classification of HPV types associated with cancer risk?

    <p>Oncogenic and Non-oncogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cervical Cancer Prevention

    • Cervical cancer incidence in the USA has decreased by 70% since the introduction of pap smears in the 1940s.
    • Cervical cancer remains the fourth most common cancer in women globally.
    • 85% of cervical cancer cases occur in developing countries.
    • The goal of cervical cancer screening is to prevent morbidity and mortality from cancer.
    • Screening identifies cancer precursors and assesses patient risk.
    • HPV vaccination is a key step in further decreasing cervical cancer incidence.

    HPV: Human Papillomavirus

    • HPV is endemic and the most common sexually transmitted disease.
    • HPV is considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI) with behavior different from other STIs.
    • Two types of HPV: Oncogenic (HR) and Non-oncogenic (LR)
    • Types 6 and 11 are associated with condyloma (warts) and are non-oncogenic.
    • 15 high-risk types of HPV exist, with types 16 and 18 responsible for 70% of cervical cancers.
    • The current high-risk panel tests for multiple high-risk subtypes including 16, 18.

    Pathophysiology of HPV: Insertional Mutagenesis

    • HPV proteins bind and inactivate the tumor suppressor gene (p53) when the cell is infected.
    • HPV then inserts itself into the human genome.
    • The cell's machinery continues generating HPV proteins, but the virus is hidden from the immune system.
    • The absence of the tumor suppressor gene leads to a tendency to develop cancer.
    • This process takes years.

    HPV and Cancer

    • HPV causes various cancers including oral, penile, vulva, anal, vaginal, and cervical cancers.
    • Most HPV-related cancers start as precancerous growths (dysplasia) allowing for early detection.
    • All HPV-related cancers are associated with high-risk HPV subtypes.

    The Natural History of HPV

    • Features increased cell mitosis and increasing cellular atypia.
    • Severity can range from mild to severe.
    • Each step involves worsening cellular abnormality.
    • Progression from one step to the next takes years.

    Long-Term, High-Risk HPV is Problematic

    • Transient HPV infections often resolve on their own.
    • The key to screening is identifying the presence of High-Risk HPV genotypes and the likelihood of progression to cancer.
    • HPV most frequently is a transient infection.
    • HPV thrives in the transformation zone (squamo-columnar junction).
    • High incidence of HPV positivity occurs in young individuals (15-25 years old).
    • Immune systems effectively manage HPV with sufficient time.
    • A very high rate of HPV regression occurs in young women.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential information about cervical cancer prevention and the role of HPV in its incidence. It highlights the significant decrease in cervical cancer rates due to pap smears and the importance of HPV vaccination in combating this disease. Understand the types of HPV and their link to cervical cancer risk.

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