Cerebrum Structure and Functions

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Questions and Answers

Which areas, beyond the gyri, are associated with gray matter in the cerebrum?

Cortex only

Basal nuclei only

Both the cortex and basal nuclei (correct)

Only white matter

What is a function of the basal nuclei?

Control the endocrine system

Regulate memory processing

Initiate and terminate movements (correct)

Coordinate sensory signals

What is the basal nuclei's role in muscle tone?

Enhance muscle contraction

Suppress muscle tone

Regulate muscle tone (correct)

None of the above

How many basal nuclei help in movement regulation?

Three Signup and view all the answers

Which diseases are associated with the basal nuclei?

Parkinson’s and Huntington’s Signup and view all the answers

What are the main types of neurons found in the cortex that release glutamate?

Pyramidal neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is generally released by interneurons, causing inhibition?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain shrinks severely in Alzheimer's disease?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

What is the limbic system often referred to as?

The emotional brain Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease?

It shrivels up Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron in the cortex forms multiple branches?

Dendrites Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is critical to the formation of new memories?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a main region of the limbic system?

Prefrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What does the central nervous system consist of?

Brain and spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the nervous system controls involuntary functions such as smooth muscle action, cardiac muscle, and gland activities?

Autonomic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific association of the frontal lobes in the human brain?

Higher (executive) functions Signup and view all the answers

Which system is found in the gastrointestinal tract and regulates smooth muscle, glands, and endocrine cells?

Enteric nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how much brain tissue does the human body use to process all emotions, solve equations, and perform other functions?

~3 lbs. Signup and view all the answers

What do the basal nuclei control?

Subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Where are the basal nuclei located?

Deep within the brain, at the base of the forebrain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a function of the basal nuclei?

Automatic arm swings while walking Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is not listed in the diagram?

Fourth ventricle Signup and view all the answers

What is the basal nuclei's role in response to a joke?

True laughter Signup and view all the answers

Where is the limbic system located within the brain?

Encircling the upper part of the brain stem and the corpus callosum Signup and view all the answers

Which functions are associated with the limbic system?

Emotions, memory, and motivation Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are included in making up the limbic system?

Structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon Signup and view all the answers

What is the main anatomical position of the limbic system?

Deep within the brain Signup and view all the answers

Which description accurately represents the limbic system?

A system of structures responsible for emotions, memory, and motivation Signup and view all the answers

What is cognition?

Mental processes that include memory, producing and understanding language, solving problems, and making decisions Signup and view all the answers

What results from Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?

Dementia Signup and view all the answers

Where does neuronal death occur in Alzheimer's Disease?

The hippocampus and the basal forebrain Signup and view all the answers

What significant change is observed in the brain at the end stage of Alzheimer's Disease?

Dramatic shrinkage Signup and view all the answers

What is currently known about the cure and therapy for Alzheimer's Disease?

It is always fatal Signup and view all the answers

Which pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease involves the extracellular accumulation of β-amyloid protein?

Extracellular amyloid plaques Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a current therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease?

Surgical resection of affected cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of GABA in antiepileptic drug therapy?

Enhancing GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates partial epilepsy from generalized epilepsy?

Abnormal sensation or aura Signup and view all the answers

Which antiepileptic drug mechanism is particularly important for controlling absence seizures?

Inhibiting T-type calcium channels Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with the repeated occurrence of seizures?

Epilepsy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is NOT typically used to treat epilepsy?

Donepezil Signup and view all the answers

What type of brain slices show amyloid plaques in the provided image descriptions?

TG-6 months Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for relaying most sensory information to the cerebral cortex?

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

What function does the hypothalamus control?

Homeostatic functions like body temperature and respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain contributes to muscle tone, posture, and balance?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Where is the primary visual area located?

At the posterior tip of the occipital lobe Signup and view all the answers

What does the cerebral cortex enable us to do?

Read, write, speak, remember, and plan our life Signup and view all the answers

What are the folds in the cortex called?

Gyri Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating heartbeat and breathing?

Brain stem Signup and view all the answers

Which area is the primary gustatory area located in?

Just inferior to the primary somatosensory area Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?

Delusions Signup and view all the answers

What are antipsychotic drugs primarily known as?

Neuroleptic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter receptor do antipsychotic drugs predominantly antagonize?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is used as a thrombolytic in stroke management?

Alteplase Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are primarily mediated by which brain structure?

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Reduced expression of emotion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatments is used for hypertension in stroke management?

Thiazide diuretic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Cerebrum

The cerebrum consists of the cortex, basal nuclei, and other structures
The basal nuclei help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle tone
Diseases associated with the basal nuclei include Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease

Histology of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex is composed of cell bodies in layers or sheets
The main type of neuron found in the cortex is the pyramidal neuron, which releases glutamate and causes excitation
Interneurons, found in the cortex, release GABA and cause inhibition
Networks of pyramidal neurons and interneurons are fine-tuned to regulate cortical function

The Limbic System

The limbic system is a functional system composed of parts of the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and midbrain
The main regions of the limbic system include the amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, and fornix
The limbic system plays a primary role in emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger
The limbic system also functions in memory, along with parts of the cerebrum

Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

AD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal death, resulting in dementia
Neuronal death occurs in specific brain regions, including the hippocampus and basal forebrain
At the end stage, the brain shows dramatic shrinkage
There is no known cure or successful therapy, and AD is always fatal
Cognitive symptoms of AD include memory loss, language impairment, problem-solving difficulties, and decision-making difficulties

Functional Anatomy of the Brain

The nervous system has two divisions: central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS)
The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, controlling involuntary functions

The Human Brain

The human brain uses approximately 3 lbs of tissue to process emotions, solve equations, read, and breathe
The brain is composed of 100 billion neurons and 10 trillion neuroglia
The cerebral cortex is the most expanded part of the brain, with the frontal lobes being particularly associated with higher executive functions

The Limbic System (cont.)

The limbic system is a collection of brain structures responsible for emotions, memory, and motivation
The limbic system is connected to various brain regions and is involved in cognitive and emotional processes

Brain Diagram

The diagram shows a cross-section of the brain, highlighting various brain structures, including the longitudinal fissure, septum pellucidum, internal capsule, and basal nuclei

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Description

This quiz covers the structure and functions of the cerebrum, including the basal nuclei, cortex, and their roles in movement and muscle tone. It also touches on related diseases such as Parkinson's and Huntington's.