58 Questions
Which areas, beyond the gyri, are associated with gray matter in the cerebrum?
Both the cortex and basal nuclei
What is a function of the basal nuclei?
Initiate and terminate movements
What is the basal nuclei's role in muscle tone?
Regulate muscle tone
How many basal nuclei help in movement regulation?
Three
Which diseases are associated with the basal nuclei?
Parkinson’s and Huntington’s
What are the main types of neurons found in the cortex that release glutamate?
Pyramidal neurons
Which neurotransmitter is generally released by interneurons, causing inhibition?
GABA
Which part of the brain shrinks severely in Alzheimer's disease?
Hippocampus
What is the limbic system often referred to as?
The emotional brain
What happens to the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease?
It shrivels up
Which part of a neuron in the cortex forms multiple branches?
Dendrites
Which brain region is critical to the formation of new memories?
Hippocampus
Which of these is NOT a main region of the limbic system?
Prefrontal cortex
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
What does the central nervous system consist of?
Brain and spinal cord
Which division of the nervous system controls involuntary functions such as smooth muscle action, cardiac muscle, and gland activities?
Autonomic nervous system
What is the specific association of the frontal lobes in the human brain?
Higher (executive) functions
Which system is found in the gastrointestinal tract and regulates smooth muscle, glands, and endocrine cells?
Enteric nervous system
Approximately how much brain tissue does the human body use to process all emotions, solve equations, and perform other functions?
~3 lbs.
What do the basal nuclei control?
Subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles
Where are the basal nuclei located?
Deep within the brain, at the base of the forebrain
Which of the following is an example of a function of the basal nuclei?
Automatic arm swings while walking
Which brain structure is not listed in the diagram?
Fourth ventricle
What is the basal nuclei's role in response to a joke?
True laughter
Where is the limbic system located within the brain?
Encircling the upper part of the brain stem and the corpus callosum
Which functions are associated with the limbic system?
Emotions, memory, and motivation
Which structures are included in making up the limbic system?
Structures on the inner border of the cerebrum and floor of the diencephalon
What is the main anatomical position of the limbic system?
Deep within the brain
Which description accurately represents the limbic system?
A system of structures responsible for emotions, memory, and motivation
What is cognition?
Mental processes that include memory, producing and understanding language, solving problems, and making decisions
What results from Alzheimer's Disease (AD)?
Dementia
Where does neuronal death occur in Alzheimer's Disease?
The hippocampus and the basal forebrain
What significant change is observed in the brain at the end stage of Alzheimer's Disease?
Dramatic shrinkage
What is currently known about the cure and therapy for Alzheimer's Disease?
It is always fatal
Which pathological feature of Alzheimer’s disease involves the extracellular accumulation of β-amyloid protein?
Extracellular amyloid plaques
Which of the following is NOT a current therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer’s disease?
Surgical resection of affected cortex
What is the role of GABA in antiepileptic drug therapy?
Enhancing GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition
What differentiates partial epilepsy from generalized epilepsy?
Abnormal sensation or aura
Which antiepileptic drug mechanism is particularly important for controlling absence seizures?
Inhibiting T-type calcium channels
What condition is associated with the repeated occurrence of seizures?
Epilepsy
Which of the following drugs is NOT typically used to treat epilepsy?
Donepezil
What type of brain slices show amyloid plaques in the provided image descriptions?
TG-6 months
Which part of the brain is responsible for relaying most sensory information to the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
What function does the hypothalamus control?
Homeostatic functions like body temperature and respiration
Which part of the brain contributes to muscle tone, posture, and balance?
Cerebellum
Where is the primary visual area located?
At the posterior tip of the occipital lobe
What does the cerebral cortex enable us to do?
Read, write, speak, remember, and plan our life
What are the folds in the cortex called?
Gyri
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating heartbeat and breathing?
Brain stem
Which area is the primary gustatory area located in?
Just inferior to the primary somatosensory area
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Delusions
What are antipsychotic drugs primarily known as?
Neuroleptic drugs
Which neurotransmitter receptor do antipsychotic drugs predominantly antagonize?
Dopamine
Which drug is used as a thrombolytic in stroke management?
Alteplase
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are primarily mediated by which brain structure?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)
Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Reduced expression of emotion
Which of the following treatments is used for hypertension in stroke management?
Thiazide diuretic
Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia?
Serotonin
Study Notes
The Cerebrum
- The cerebrum consists of the cortex, basal nuclei, and other structures
- The basal nuclei help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle tone
- Diseases associated with the basal nuclei include Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease
Histology of the Cerebrum
- The cerebral cortex is composed of cell bodies in layers or sheets
- The main type of neuron found in the cortex is the pyramidal neuron, which releases glutamate and causes excitation
- Interneurons, found in the cortex, release GABA and cause inhibition
- Networks of pyramidal neurons and interneurons are fine-tuned to regulate cortical function
The Limbic System
- The limbic system is a functional system composed of parts of the cerebral cortex, diencephalon, and midbrain
- The main regions of the limbic system include the amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, and fornix
- The limbic system plays a primary role in emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger
- The limbic system also functions in memory, along with parts of the cerebrum
Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
- AD is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by neuronal death, resulting in dementia
- Neuronal death occurs in specific brain regions, including the hippocampus and basal forebrain
- At the end stage, the brain shows dramatic shrinkage
- There is no known cure or successful therapy, and AD is always fatal
- Cognitive symptoms of AD include memory loss, language impairment, problem-solving difficulties, and decision-making difficulties
Functional Anatomy of the Brain
- The nervous system has two divisions: central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS)
- The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS
- The autonomic nervous system (ANS) has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, controlling involuntary functions
The Human Brain
- The human brain uses approximately 3 lbs of tissue to process emotions, solve equations, read, and breathe
- The brain is composed of 100 billion neurons and 10 trillion neuroglia
- The cerebral cortex is the most expanded part of the brain, with the frontal lobes being particularly associated with higher executive functions
The Limbic System (cont.)
- The limbic system is a collection of brain structures responsible for emotions, memory, and motivation
- The limbic system is connected to various brain regions and is involved in cognitive and emotional processes
Brain Diagram
- The diagram shows a cross-section of the brain, highlighting various brain structures, including the longitudinal fissure, septum pellucidum, internal capsule, and basal nuclei
This quiz covers the structure and functions of the cerebrum, including the basal nuclei, cortex, and their roles in movement and muscle tone. It also touches on related diseases such as Parkinson's and Huntington's.
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