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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of association tracts in the brain?
What is the primary function of association tracts in the brain?
What type of cells in the cerebral cortex receive incoming sensory information?
What type of cells in the cerebral cortex receive incoming sensory information?
Which brain structure is associated with memory and learning?
Which brain structure is associated with memory and learning?
What is the name of the phrase used to remember the components of the basal nuclei?
What is the name of the phrase used to remember the components of the basal nuclei?
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What type of brain wave is seen in deep sleep?
What type of brain wave is seen in deep sleep?
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What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in sleep regulation?
What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in sleep regulation?
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What is the primary function of the parietal lobe in cognition?
What is the primary function of the parietal lobe in cognition?
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What is the primary location of long-term memory storage?
What is the primary location of long-term memory storage?
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What is the function of the falx cerebri, tentorium, and falx cerebeli?
What is the function of the falx cerebri, tentorium, and falx cerebeli?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, speech, and swallowing?
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, speech, and swallowing?
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What is the term for the incomplete formation of vertebral arches?
What is the term for the incomplete formation of vertebral arches?
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Which part of the brain serves as a relay station for sensory information?
Which part of the brain serves as a relay station for sensory information?
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What is the term for the network of grey matter in the brain stem?
What is the term for the network of grey matter in the brain stem?
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What is the function of the arachnoid granulations?
What is the function of the arachnoid granulations?
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What is the region of the brain that lacks the blood-brain barrier?
What is the region of the brain that lacks the blood-brain barrier?
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What is the term for the inflammation of the meninges?
What is the term for the inflammation of the meninges?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating voluntary movement?
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating voluntary movement?
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What is the term for the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra?
What is the term for the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra?
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What are the two main parts of the brain that the cerebrum is divided into?
What are the two main parts of the brain that the cerebrum is divided into?
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What is the function of the corpus callosum in the brain?
What is the function of the corpus callosum in the brain?
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During embryonic development, what is the name of the process that forms the neural tube?
During embryonic development, what is the name of the process that forms the neural tube?
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What is the name of the layer of tissue that attaches to the skull and continues into the vertebral canal?
What is the name of the layer of tissue that attaches to the skull and continues into the vertebral canal?
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What is the name of the space that separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater?
What is the name of the space that separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater?
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What is the name of the layer of tissue that lies on the surface of the brain?
What is the name of the layer of tissue that lies on the surface of the brain?
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What is the name of the structure that produces cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the name of the structure that produces cerebrospinal fluid?
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What is the term for the inflammation of the brain?
What is the term for the inflammation of the brain?
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What is the name of the part of the brain that regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, speech, and swallowing?
What is the name of the part of the brain that regulates heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, speech, and swallowing?
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What is the name of the structure that serves as a relay station for sensory information?
What is the name of the structure that serves as a relay station for sensory information?
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What is the primary function of commissural tracts?
What is the primary function of commissural tracts?
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What type of cells in the cerebral cortex are involved in outgoing motor information?
What type of cells in the cerebral cortex are involved in outgoing motor information?
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What is the function of the limbic system?
What is the function of the limbic system?
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What is the name of the brain wave seen during deep sleep?
What is the name of the brain wave seen during deep sleep?
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What is the primary function of orexin?
What is the primary function of orexin?
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What is the primary location of short-term memory storage?
What is the primary location of short-term memory storage?
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What is the primary function of the parietal lobe in cognition?
What is the primary function of the parietal lobe in cognition?
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What is the primary function of the frontal lobe in cognition?
What is the primary function of the frontal lobe in cognition?
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What is the primary function of the temporal lobe in cognition?
What is the primary function of the temporal lobe in cognition?
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What is the term for the inability to store new memories?
What is the term for the inability to store new memories?
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Study Notes
The Cerebrum
- Divided into 5 anatomical lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and insula
- Gyri are separated by depressions called sulci
- Diencephalon: all regions composed of gray matter
- Corpus callosum: facilitates communication between left and right hemispheres
Brain Matter Distribution
- White matter is deep to grey matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum
Embryonic Development of CNS
- Neurulation: formation of the neural tube
- Prosencephalon: gives rise to adult cerebrum
- Mesencephalon: develops into adult brain stem (midbrain)
- Rhombencephalon: develops into adult brain stem (pons and medulla)
Neural Tube Defects
- Spina bifida: incomplete formation of vertebral arches
- Anencephaly: absence of brain
Meninges
- Dura Mater: toughest, most superficial layer
- Arachnoid Mater: subarachnoid space separates it from Pia Mater and circulates CSF
- Pia Mater: delicate layer lying on the brain surface
Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Choroid plexus: spongy mass of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells
- Interventricular foramen: joins the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle
- Cerebral aqueduct: joins the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
- Apertures: allow CSF to flow to the subarachnoid spaces
- Central canal: carries CSF to the spinal cord
- Arachnoid granulations: drain CSF
Functions of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Buoyancy: supports the brain
- Protection: cushions the brain
- Removal of waste: helps to remove waste products
Blood Brain Barrier
- Regulates exchange of substances from in and out of the brain
- Blood-CSF-barrier: exists in the choroid plexuses
- BBB: exists between capillaries and brain
- Tight junctions of the BBB: found in the linked feet of astrocytes
- Circumventricular organs: lack the BBB and include the medulla and hypothalamus
Pathology
- Stroke: occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked or if there is bleeding in the brain
- Concussion: altered brain function following a blow to the head
- Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain
- Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges
Brain Stem Regions
- Medulla Oblongata: all nerve fibers connecting the brain and spinal cord pass through this region
- Pons: regulates respiration, sleep, and posture
- Midbrain: substantia nigra contains dopamine-producing neurons; degeneration of these neurons is linked to Parkinson's disease
Cerebellum
- Cognitive function
- Voluntary movement
- Vermis: controls movement of the central body
- Arbor vitae: composed of cerebellar white matter
Thalamus
- Regulates movement
- Contributes to the limbic system
- Relays sensory information; referred to as a "gateway"
- Found on both left and right sides of the brain
Hypothalamus
- Directly connected to the pituitary glands and mammillary bodies
- Functions: thermoregulation, sleep, hormone secretion, autonomic response, food intake, emotional, and memory (remember: ToSHAFEM)
Epithalamus
- Contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin
Cerebral White Matter
- Commissural tracts: communication between grey matter of left and right hemisphere
- Association tracts: communication between different lobes in the same hemisphere
- Projection tracts: extend out of brain stem and spinal cord
Cerebral Cortex
- Outermost region of the brain
- Made of stellate cells and pyramidal cells
- Stellate cells: receive incoming sensory information
- Pyramidal cells: have to do with outgoing motor information
- Six cellular layers of the neocortex
Limbic System
- Functions associated with memory and learning
- Components: cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala
- Most structures in this system have reward centers which explain why we are emotionally influenced to pursue rewarding things (remember: CHA)
Basal Nuclei
- Grey matter region
- Components: putamen, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus (remember: Paul's crazy gout)
Brain Waves
- Alpha: regular and rhythmic, seen when a person is awake with eyes closed
- Beta: not as regular as alpha waves, seen when a person is concentrated or mentally stimulated
- Theta: normally seen in children or adults who are drowsy or stressed
- Delta: seen in deep sleep, indicates brain damage if found in adults who are awake
Stages of Sleep
- Stage 1: drowsy
- Stage 2: light sleep
- Stage 3: moderate to deep sleep
- Stage 4: deep sleep
Sleep
- Hypothalamus produces increasing levels of orexins which determine when an individual will wake up naturally
- Narcolepsy: can be caused by an immune blockage of orexin receptors
- REM sleep: brain waves are similar to when a person is awake, increased vitals and dreams occur here
- Non-REM sleep: thought to be glucose sparing for whole body restoration, and nightmares usually occur in stage 3 or 4 during non-REM sleep
Cognition
- Range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge
- Brain areas associated with cognition: parietal, frontal, and temporal lobe
Amnesia
- Anterograde: inability to store new memories
- Retrograde: inability to recall past memories
Memory
- Short-term memory is usually stored in the hippocampus
- Long-term memory is usually stored in memory consolidation which involves various regions of the cerebral cortex
- Alzheimer's: death of acetylcholine-releasing neurons
The Cerebrum
- Divided into 5 anatomical lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and insula
- Gyri are separated by depressions called sulci
- Diencephalon: all regions composed of gray matter
- Corpus callosum: facilitates communication between left and right hemispheres
Brain Matter Distribution
- White matter is deep to grey matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum
Embryonic Development of CNS
- Neurulation: formation of the neural tube
- Prosencephalon: gives rise to adult cerebrum
- Mesencephalon: develops into adult brain stem (midbrain)
- Rhombencephalon: develops into adult brain stem (pons and medulla)
Neural Tube Defects
- Spina bifida: incomplete formation of vertebral arches
- Anencephaly: absence of brain
Meninges
- Dura Mater: toughest, most superficial layer
- Arachnoid Mater: subarachnoid space separates it from Pia Mater and circulates CSF
- Pia Mater: delicate layer lying on the brain surface
Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Choroid plexus: spongy mass of capillaries surrounded by ependymal cells
- Interventricular foramen: joins the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle
- Cerebral aqueduct: joins the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle
- Apertures: allow CSF to flow to the subarachnoid spaces
- Central canal: carries CSF to the spinal cord
- Arachnoid granulations: drain CSF
Functions of the Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Buoyancy: supports the brain
- Protection: cushions the brain
- Removal of waste: helps to remove waste products
Blood Brain Barrier
- Regulates exchange of substances from in and out of the brain
- Blood-CSF-barrier: exists in the choroid plexuses
- BBB: exists between capillaries and brain
- Tight junctions of the BBB: found in the linked feet of astrocytes
- Circumventricular organs: lack the BBB and include the medulla and hypothalamus
Pathology
- Stroke: occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked or if there is bleeding in the brain
- Concussion: altered brain function following a blow to the head
- Encephalitis: inflammation of the brain
- Meningitis: inflammation of the meninges
Brain Stem Regions
- Medulla Oblongata: all nerve fibers connecting the brain and spinal cord pass through this region
- Pons: regulates respiration, sleep, and posture
- Midbrain: substantia nigra contains dopamine-producing neurons; degeneration of these neurons is linked to Parkinson's disease
Cerebellum
- Cognitive function
- Voluntary movement
- Vermis: controls movement of the central body
- Arbor vitae: composed of cerebellar white matter
Thalamus
- Regulates movement
- Contributes to the limbic system
- Relays sensory information; referred to as a "gateway"
- Found on both left and right sides of the brain
Hypothalamus
- Directly connected to the pituitary glands and mammillary bodies
- Functions: thermoregulation, sleep, hormone secretion, autonomic response, food intake, emotional, and memory (remember: ToSHAFEM)
Epithalamus
- Contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin
Cerebral White Matter
- Commissural tracts: communication between grey matter of left and right hemisphere
- Association tracts: communication between different lobes in the same hemisphere
- Projection tracts: extend out of brain stem and spinal cord
Cerebral Cortex
- Outermost region of the brain
- Made of stellate cells and pyramidal cells
- Stellate cells: receive incoming sensory information
- Pyramidal cells: have to do with outgoing motor information
- Six cellular layers of the neocortex
Limbic System
- Functions associated with memory and learning
- Components: cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala
- Most structures in this system have reward centers which explain why we are emotionally influenced to pursue rewarding things (remember: CHA)
Basal Nuclei
- Grey matter region
- Components: putamen, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus (remember: Paul's crazy gout)
Brain Waves
- Alpha: regular and rhythmic, seen when a person is awake with eyes closed
- Beta: not as regular as alpha waves, seen when a person is concentrated or mentally stimulated
- Theta: normally seen in children or adults who are drowsy or stressed
- Delta: seen in deep sleep, indicates brain damage if found in adults who are awake
Stages of Sleep
- Stage 1: drowsy
- Stage 2: light sleep
- Stage 3: moderate to deep sleep
- Stage 4: deep sleep
Sleep
- Hypothalamus produces increasing levels of orexins which determine when an individual will wake up naturally
- Narcolepsy: can be caused by an immune blockage of orexin receptors
- REM sleep: brain waves are similar to when a person is awake, increased vitals and dreams occur here
- Non-REM sleep: thought to be glucose sparing for whole body restoration, and nightmares usually occur in stage 3 or 4 during non-REM sleep
Cognition
- Range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge
- Brain areas associated with cognition: parietal, frontal, and temporal lobe
Amnesia
- Anterograde: inability to store new memories
- Retrograde: inability to recall past memories
Memory
- Short-term memory is usually stored in the hippocampus
- Long-term memory is usually stored in memory consolidation which involves various regions of the cerebral cortex
- Alzheimer's: death of acetylcholine-releasing neurons
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy of the cerebrum, including its lobes, gyri, and sulci, as well as the distribution of brain matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum.
