Cerebrovascular Accidents and Neurological Disorders

Progressive airflow limitation due to an abnormal inflammatory lung response to irritants like particles or gases.

Lung tissue damage, loss of elasticity, and over-inflation of air sacs (alveoli) leading to respiratory acidosis.

Inflammation of bronchi/bronchioles, increased mucus production, and narrowed airways. Thick mucus obstructs airflow.

Chronic cough, sputum production, shortness of breath, barrel chest, and clubbing of fingers/toes.

Excessive alcohol use, or other causes, resulting in liver cell death and scarring (fibrosis) thereby damaging liver functionality.

Mental changes (confusion) and motor disturbances that are early indicators of hepatic problems.

Obstructed blood flow through the liver leading to increased pressure within the portal venous system.

Liver enlargement, portal obstruction, ascites, infections, varices, edema, nutritional deficiencies, and possible mental decline.

Swollen veins in the esophagus caused by liver disease (cirrhosis).

Symptoms include: soft/semidigest stool, nutritional issues, electrolyte problems, and right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain.

Inflammation of pouches (diverticula) in the colon, often due to trapped food and bacteria.

Presence of diverticula (pouches) in the colon, but without inflammation.

Autoimmune disease causing muscle weakness, initially affecting eye muscles.

Fluid buildup in the abdomen, a complication of cirrhosis.

Chronic inflammatory condition causing deep ulcerations and 'skip' lesions through the intestinal walls.

In older patients, diverticulitis can cause confusion, falls, and lack of appetite.

A chronic condition where blood flow through arteries is obstructed, often due to atherosclerosis, inflammation, or clots.

Reduced blood pressure in ankle, intermittent claudication (leg pain with exercise), and potential for impaired circulation (e.g., blood clots).

A blood clot in a large vein, often in the leg or pelvis.

Virchow's triad (stasis, vessel injury, hypercoagulability) and factors like injury, surgery, prolonged bed rest, pregnancy, age, cancer, and medications.

A condition where the heart can't effectively pump blood, leading either to trouble filling or ejecting blood.

Symptoms related to fluid overload or inadequate tissue perfusion.

Include cardiac markers like troponin and CK, electrolyte checks, and tests evaluating liver, kidney, and blood cell function.

A low sodium diet to reduce blood volume.

A normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is typically considered to be 125 mL/min.

Stage 1 Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is characterized by a GFR less than or equal to 90 mL/min, but there is no kidney damage yet.

End-stage Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), characterized by a GFR less than 15 mL/min. Need dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

Hyperthyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms like weight loss, nervousness, and heat intolerance.

Chvostek's sign is a twitching of the facial muscles elicited by tapping on the facial nerve, suggestive of hypocalcemia.

Trousseau's sign is a carpopedal spasm (hand and foot cramping) induced by blocking blood flow to the arm, suggestive of hypocalcemia.

Grave's disease is an autoimmune condition that causes hyperthyroidism.

Infection, usually due to MRSA, causes inflammation, increased blood vessel formation, and swelling, leading to blood clots and ultimately tissue death.

If untreated, bone abscesses can form, leading to chronic bone infection.

Bone-destroying cells (osteoclasts) outpace bone-building cells (osteoblasts), leading to weaker bones.

Bones fracture easily, especially in the spine, hip, and wrist. Kyphosis (hunchback) and a protruding abdomen can occur.

Eat a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, take calcium supplements if needed, and engage in regular weight-bearing exercise.

Usually an excitatory neurotransmitter, it plays a role in parasympathetic actions, like slowing the heart rate.

Usually inhibitory in brain areas related to movement and cognition. Affects behavior, attention, emotions, and fine motor skills.

Generally excitatory, involved in the sympathetic nervous system, influencing mood and overall activity.

Fluid buildup in the abdominal cavity, often associated with liver disease. It's a sign of fluid retention and pressure in the portal vein system.

Chronic inflammation of the large intestine, starting from the rectum and spreading upwards. It affects the mucosa and submucosa, causing diarrhea, blood, mucus, pus, and pain in the lower abdomen.

Inflammation of the gallbladder, typically caused by gallstones blocking the flow of bile. This can lead to pain in the upper right abdomen and potential complications like gangrene.

Enlargement of the liver, often due to underlying liver diseases like cirrhosis or hepatitis.

Autoimmune disorder affecting joints, leading to chronic inflammation, pain, stiffness, and eventually damage to cartilage and bone.

Abnormal tissue growth in the joint lining (synovium) that destroys cartilage and bone in rheumatoid arthritis.

Pus-filled pockets in the intestinal lining, often seen in inflammatory bowel diseases like ulcerative colitis.

Infection of the bone, usually caused by bacteria. It can lead to inflammation, pain, and even bone damage.