Neuroscience Quiz on Cerebrovascular Accidents
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?

  • To provide nutrients to the brain.
  • To facilitate communication between the brain and the spinal cord.
  • To protect the brain from physical injury.
  • To regulate the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between the blood and the brain. (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a common cause of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

  • Embolism
  • Thrombosis
  • Hypoperfusion
  • Hemorrhage (correct)

    • What is the most common cause of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?

  • Hemorrhage
  • Thrombosis
  • Hypoperfusion
  • Embolism (correct)

    • Which of the following is TRUE about the Circle of Willis?

    <p>It is formed by the anastomosis of branches from the vertebral and internal carotid arteries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location where most aneurysms occur in the brain?

    <p>The arteries supplying the Circle of Willis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the choroid plexuses in the production of cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>They contain specialized ependymal cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a constituent of the Circle of Willis?

    <p>Basilar artery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why an aneurysm is considered a life-threatening condition?

    <p>It can rupture and cause bleeding into the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cerebral arteries is MOST commonly associated with strokes?

    <p>Middle cerebral arteries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is supplied by the posterior cerebral arteries?

    <p>Occipital lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The grey matter of the brain is characterized by:

    <p>A high concentration of neuronal cell bodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the vertebral arteries and the Circle of Willis?

    <p>The Circle of Willis is formed by the terminal branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>To protect the brain and spinal cord from injury. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas of the brain is NOT primarily supplied by the middle cerebral arteries?

    <p>Visual cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Circle of Willis in brain circulation?

    <p>It provides an alternate pathway for blood flow if one of the major arteries is blocked. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple sclerosis affects the central nervous system by:

    <p>Breaking down the myelin sheaths that surround axons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

    <p>To act as a shock absorber and circulate nutrients to the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Hydrocephalus?

    <p>It always leads to an increase in brain size. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for Intracranial Pressure (ICP) in a supine adult?

    <p>7-15 mmHg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is CSF absorbed back into the bloodstream?

    <p>Through specialized structures called arachnoid granulations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between communicating and non-communicating hydrocephalus?

    <p>Communicating hydrocephalus involves a blockage in the ventricular system, while non-communicating hydrocephalus involves a blockage outside the ventricular system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of non-communicating hydrocephalus?

    <p>A blockage in the aqueduct of Sylvius. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the closed spaces that serve as reservoirs for CSF at the base of the brain?

    <p>Cisterns (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is CSF produced?

    <p>In the ventricles of the brain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes communicating hydrocephalus?

    <p>CSF can still flow between open ventricles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of obstructive hydrocephalus?

    <p>CSF flow is blocked along narrow passages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the Cognitive Stage of motor learning?

    <p>It requires a high level of cognitive processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of motor learning involves refinement of skills through repetition?

    <p>Associative Stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does neuroplasticity have on motor control?

    <p>It allows regaining of motor function after CNS injury. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the Autonomous Stage of motor learning?

    <p>Performance is mainly error-free and automatic. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What supports the continuation of motor learning throughout life?

    <p>The central nervous system's ability to adjust to new challenges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the need for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt?

    <p>CSF cannot be stored in the ventricle system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of practicing motor skills repeatedly?

    <p>It enhances the ability to learn skills despite damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feedback involves using one's own sensory information?

    <p>Intrinsic feedback (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the practice of motor skills as a 'whole' involve?

    <p>Practicing multiple steps all at once. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of variable practice?

    <p>It involves practicing a skill in different contexts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the 'Whole-Part-Whole' practice method function?

    <p>The whole skill is observed and then practiced in parts. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the physiological systems with aging that affects motor skills?

    <p>They undergo changes that impact the execution of motor skills. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice schedule involves practicing skills less frequently but in a planned manner?

    <p>Intermittent/Scheduled Practice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of motor skill refinement during practice?

    <p>To achieve a smooth transition and reduce errors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Posterior cerebral arteries

    Arteries supplying the occipital and parts of the temporal lobes, including the visual cortex.

    Blood–brain barrier

    A selective barrier that regulates the movement of substances between the blood and the brain.

    Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

    A stroke characterized by neurological deficits due to blood supply issues in the brain.

    Thrombosis

    Obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot formed locally.

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    Embolism

    Obstruction of a blood vessel by a clot (embolus) from another location.

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    Hypoperfusion

    Insufficient blood supply to the brain, often due to low blood pressure.

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    Intracerebral Aneurysm

    A dilation of an artery over 50% of normal size, risk of rupture.

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    Cerebrospinal fluid

    Clear fluid around the brain and spinal cord, produced by ependymal cells.

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    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, made of grey and white matter.

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    Grey Matter

    Grey matter includes neuronal cell bodies and is crucial for daily functioning.

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    White Matter

    White matter consists of axons with myelin, facilitating communication in the CNS.

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    Circle of Willis

    A circular system of arteries that supplies blood to the brain from the carotid and vertebral arteries.

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    Anterior Cerebral Arteries

    These arteries supply the brain regions responsible for lower limb motor and sensory functions.

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    Middle Cerebral Arteries (MCA)

    MCA primarily supplies the upper limb, face, and areas for speech.

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    Multiple Sclerosis

    A disease characterized by breakdown of myelin sheaths affecting nerve function.

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    CSF functions

    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cushions the brain, delivers nutrients, and removes waste.

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    Buoyancy of CSF

    CSF keeps brain tissue buoyant, acting as a shock absorber.

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    CSF production

    The body produces about a pint of CSF daily, balancing production and absorption.

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    Hydrocephalus

    Disruption of CSF balance, leading to fluid accumulation in the brain.

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    Causes of Hydrocephalus

    Hydrocephalus can arise from blockages due to tumors, cysts, or infections.

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    Ventricular system

    Comprised of four ventricles that circulate CSF through narrow passages.

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    Intracranial pressure (ICP)

    Pressure inside the skull, normally 7-15 mmHg at rest.

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    Communicating Hydrocephalus

    Occurs when CSF flow is blocked after exiting the ventricles.

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    Non-communicating Hydrocephalus

    Also called 'obstructive' hydrocephalus, occurs when CSF flow is blocked in narrow passages.

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    Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (VP Shunt)

    A surgical device to drain CSF for growth or infection; can be permanent or semi-permanent.

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    External Ventricular Drain (EVD)

    A temporary method to drain CSF externally, not permanent like VP Shunt.

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    Motor Learning

    The ability to learn and adapt new movement skills, continuing throughout life.

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    Stages of Motor Learning

    Three phases: Cognitive, Associative, Autonomous. Each stage reduces errors and increases skill.

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    Cognitive Stage of Learning

    First stage where errors are high, processing feedback is essential, and repetition is needed.

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    Neuroplasticity

    The brain's ability to reorganize and form new neural connections, aiding recovery after injury.

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    Motor Skills Acquisition Stages

    The process of learning or relearning motor skills through feedback and practice.

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    Intrinsic Feedback

    Sensory feedback that comes from within the body, such as visual and proprioceptive signals.

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    Extrinsic Feedback

    Augmented feedback from external sources, like verbal or manual assistance.

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    Whole Practice

    Practicing multiple steps of a skill as one complete action.

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    Variable Practice

    Skill practice in different conditions to enhance adaptability.

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    Progressive Sequential Learning

    Teaching skill steps sequentially one after the other.

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    Physiologic Changes with Aging

    Changes in biological systems, affecting motor skills execution as one ages.

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    Self-Correction

    The ability to identify and correct one's own mistakes during practice.

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    Study Notes

    CNS Vascular System

    • The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of grey matter and white matter
    • Grey matter is the outer layer of the brain, containing cell bodies
    • White matter contains axons with myelin, crucial for functioning
    • Both grey and white matter are essential parts of the brain and spinal cord
    • Grey matter's color comes from the high concentration of neuronal cell bodies

    Neurons

    • Neurons have dendrites, a nucleus, a soma (cell body), axons, and axon terminals
    • Myelin sheaths surround the axons
    • Multiple sclerosis is a condition where myelin sheaths break down

    CNS Circulation

    • Two paired arteries supply blood to the brain: vertebral and internal carotid arteries
    • These arteries ascend from the neck to the cranium
    • Terminal branches form the Circle of Willis, an anastomotic circle
    • The Circle of Willis supplies blood to much of the cerebrum
    • Smaller branches from the vertebral arteries supply parts like the pons and spinal cord

    Arterial Circle of Willis

    • The terminal branches of the vertebral and internal carotid arteries form the circle
    • This circle is vital for blood flow
    • Components include anterior and middle cerebral arteries, posterior cerebral arteries, and connecting anterior and posterior communicating arteries.
    • Middle cerebral artery (MCA) is most commonly affected in stroke

    Blood Supply to the Cerebrum

    • Three cerebral arteries (anterior, middle, and posterior) supply different parts of the cerebrum
    • Anterior cerebral arteries supply the lower limbs’ motor and sensory areas
    • Middle cerebral arteries supply the upper limbs, face, Broca's area (in dominant frontal lobe), and Wernicke's area (in dominant temporal lobe)
    • Posterior cerebral arteries supply the occipital lobe and parts of the temporal lobe, including the visual cortex

    Blood-Brain Barrier

    • Blood vessels in the central nervous system have unique properties creating the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
    • The BBB tightly controls the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between blood and brain
    • This control ensures proper neuronal function and protects neural tissue from toxins, pathogens, inflammation, and disease
    • The BBB can be an obstacle for drug delivery to the CNS

    Cerebral Vascular Accident (Stroke)

    • The brain is sensitive to oxygen starvation
    • A stroke is an acute neurological deficit due to blood supply disruption
    • Causes include thrombosis (local blood clot), embolism (blood clot elsewhere), hypoperfusion (low blood pressure), and hemorrhage (blood accumulation)
    • Embolism is the most common cause, often stemming from neck vessels

    Intracerebral Aneurysms

    • An aneurysm is a bulge or dilation of an artery larger than 50% of normal size
    • Aneurysms often originate in vessels contributing to the Circle of Willis blood supply
    • These are usually asymptomatic until they rupture
    • Rupture causes blood to accumulate in the subarachnoid space, leading to increased intracranial pressure
    • Rupture is a life-threatening emergency requiring surgical intervention

    Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    • CSF is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord
    • It's produced by ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses of the brain ventricles and absorbed by arachnoid granulations
    • CSF functions to keep the brain buoyant (“shock absorber”), deliver nutrients and remove waste, and flow between the cranium and spine to compensate for intracranial pressure changes

    CSF Circulation

    • CSF flows through the ventricles connected by narrow passages, exiting into cisterns on the brain's base
    • It bathes brain and spinal cord surfaces, then re-enters the bloodstream

    CSF Pressure

    • Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and, thus, the brain tissue and CSF
    • Measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
    • Normal ICP, at rest, ranges from 7-15 mmHg

    Hydrocephalus

    • Hydrocephalus is a condition where the balance of CSF production and absorption is disrupted
    • Congenital or acquired, it can disrupt the flow in communicating vs non-communicating ways

    Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (VP Shunt)

    • A shunt allows CSF drainage from the brain to another part of the body
    • Often a permanent or semi-permanent surgical procedure
    • Necessary for growth, infection or other conditions

    External Ventricular Drain (EVD)

    • A temporary drainage device for collecting CSF
    • Often done as an alternative or intermediary to VP shunts

    Motor Learning

    • Motor learning, occurs throughout life, if the environment changes the central nervous system (CNS) has plasticity
    • Learning new movements, like walking on varied terrains, involves a process with cognitive, associative, and autonomous stages
    • The brain can re-adapt and relearn skills despite damage
    • The process of acquiring new motor skills or relearning lost ones

    Feedback

    • Intrinsic feedback is inherent to the body (e.g., sensory, visual, proprioceptive, and tactile/somatosensory).
    • Extrinsic feedback is augmented/provided by external sources (e.g., verbal and manual).

    Practice of Motor Skills

    • Techniques for practicing motor skills include Whole (practicing all steps together), Pure Part (practicing steps in isolation — forward or backward), and Progressive Sequential (teaching parts sequentially). A combination of methods (Whole-Part-Whole, for example) might be useful

    Practice Schedules

    • Practice scheduling considers factors like constant, variable, or intermittent patterns
    • Practice is often done independently or with caregiver help

    Summary of Motor Learning Context

    • Motor skills evolve to meet a patient's need to interact with the environment
    • Functional skills support activities like work, play, and leisure

    Additional Notes

    • The provided text discusses various aspects of the Central Nervous System (CNS), especially the vascular system and motor learning. The detailed study notes accurately cover important concepts and procedures. 

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    CNS Vascular System & Motor Learning Lecture 2025 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the intricacies of the brain's structure and functions with this quiz focused on cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) and related anatomy. Explore concepts such as the blood-brain barrier, Circle of Willis, and the role of cerebrospinal fluid. Perfect for students of neuroscience or those interested in brain health.

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