Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation System

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Questions and Answers

What divides the brain into left and right hemispheres?

Longitudinal Fissure

What are the connecting tracts between the two brain hemispheres called?

Cerebral Commissures

What are layers of cell bodies parallel to the surface of the cortex called?

Laminae

What is a set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex called?

Columns Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures divide the brain hemispheres into lobes?

Lateral Fissures Signup and view all the answers

What are lobes named after?

Skull Bones Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

Regulation of motivated behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which structure does the hypothalamus regulate the release of hormones for?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

Where do the optic nerves from each eye come together?

Optic chasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the large furrows on the cerebral cortex?

Fissures Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain contains the limbic system and basal ganglia?

Telenchephalon Signup and view all the answers

What is the Latin meaning of 'Cortex'?

'Shell' or 'Bark' Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of CSF in the brain?

To prevent abnormal pressure on neurons Signup and view all the answers

How is CSF produced in the brain?

By choroid plexus in the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when CSF is blocked by a tumor in the brain?

The walls of the ventricles expand Signup and view all the answers

How is hydrocephalus 'water on the brain' treated?

Draining excess fluid from the ventricles Signup and view all the answers

Where does the blood supply to the brain primarily come from?

The carotid and vertebral arteries Signup and view all the answers

What happens if CSF is not reabsorbed into the blood supply at the top of the head?

Mental retardation due to improper brain growth Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the cerebral cortex is responsible for processing information about touch and body location?

Primary somatosensory cortex Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

Guiding behavior based on visual input Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of extensive damage to the striate cortex of the right hemisphere?

Blindness in the left visual field Signup and view all the answers

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Superior temporal gyrus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the association cortex in the cerebral cortex?

Integrating sensory and motor functions Signup and view all the answers

Which functional area of the cerebral cortex connects sensory and motor functions?

Sensory cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is responsible for hearing and understanding spoken language?

Inferior temporal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is associated with speech production?

Broca’s area Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Attention, working memory, planning behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is crucial in encoding and storing emotional memories?

Amygdala Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory difficulty is associated with damage to the Hippocampus?

Anterograde amnesia Signup and view all the answers

Which frontal lobe area is linked to emotional disturbance and impulsivity when damaged?

Orbitofrontal cortex Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Brain Structure and Function

The brain is divided into two hemispheres, connected by cerebral commissures (corpus callosum and anterior commissure).
Lobes are named after the skull bones that lie above them, and are not functional units.

Cerebral Cortex

The cerebral cortex is the outer portion of the cerebral hemispheres, with a convoluted (furrowed) appearance.
It consists of gray matter (small unmyelinated neurons) and white matter (layer below the cortex with myelinated axons).
The cerebral cortex is divided into functional areas, including sensory, motor, and association cortex.

Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

Occipital Lobe: primary visual cortex, provides initial cortical processing of visual information.
Temporal Lobe: primary auditory cortex, provides initial cortical processing of sound information; identifies visual patterns; and is important for certain kinds of memories.
Parietal Lobe: analyzes sensation from the body (touch, pain, position, temperature); and perceives location of objects and our body.
Frontal Lobe: primary motor cortex, provides the highest level of command to the motor systems; Broca's area, responsible for speech production; prefrontal cortex, involved in attention, working memory, planning behavior, and impulse control.

Important Structures

Hypothalamus: regulates motivated behaviors (feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behavior, sleeping); directs the autonomic nervous system; and regulates the release of hormones.
Pituitary Gland: regulated by the hypothalamus; releases hormones.
Mamillary Bodies: involved in sense of direction and memory.
Amygdala: involved in fear, rage, and aggression; interacts with the hippocampus during encoding and storage of emotional memories.
Hippocampus: involved in learning and memory; damage causes anterograde amnesia.

Additional Concepts

Lissencephalic: smooth-brained, without convolutions.
Cerebral Ventricles: four large internal chambers of the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): cushions the brain, prevents maladaptive response due to pressure; produced by the choroid plexus, and reabsorbed into the blood supply.
Hydrocephalus: a condition where CSF is blocked, causing buildup of fluid in the ventricles, and expansion of the brain; treated by draining excess fluid and removing the obstruction.
Blood Supply: the brain receives nutrients through blood supply, which flows through carotid arteries and vertebral arteries.