Cephalosporins and Fluoroquinolones Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism of action for Cefdinir?

  • Bacterial cell wall synthesis inhibition (correct)
  • Inhibition of protein synthesis
  • Inhibition of ergosterol synthesis
  • Inhibition of DNA Gyrase

    • Which of the following is a side effect associated with Clindamycin Hydrochloride?

  • Eye discharge
  • Influenza
  • Pruritus (correct)
  • Rash

    • What type of infections is Doxycycline Hyclate used to treat?

  • Bacterial infections and malaria prevention (correct)
  • Only fungal infections
  • Only skin infections
  • Only respiratory infections

    • What class of antibiotic is Cefuroxime Axetil?

    <p>Cephalosporin (Second Generation)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which side effect is NOT associated with Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride?

    <p>Abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can Fluconazole be used to treat?

    <p>Candidiasis in bone marrow transplant patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage form available for Metronidazole?

    <p>Tablet, capsule, cream, and more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inhibition of which bacterial component is a mechanism for Cefalexin Monohydrate?

    <p>Bacterial cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is categorized as a Fluoroquinolone and also used for respiratory infections?

    <p>Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common side effect of both Doxycycline Hyclate and Cefdinir?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Vancomycin?

    <p>Inhibition of cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is Vancomycin primarily used to treat?

    <p>Osteomyelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Acyclovir?

    <p>Malaise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is classified as a multimodal treatment for HIV?

    <p>Genvoya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of agent is Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil used for?

    <p>Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pharmacological class does Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir belong to?

    <p>Oral antiviral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reported side effect of Valacyclovir Hydrochloride?

    <p>Headache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate?

    <p>Opioid receptor agonism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about Tenofovir Alafenamide?

    <p>It is part of a combination therapy for HIV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for Minocycline Hydrochloride?

    <p>Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is specifically indicated for the treatment of impetigo?

    <p>Mupirocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide in treating hypertension?

    <p>Increases sodium excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common side effects associated with Oseltamivir Phosphate?

    <p>Abdominal pain and nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with both Triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide?

    <p>Hyperkalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is described as an Amidinopenicillin?

    <p>Pivmecillinam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the control schedule for Warfarin sodium?

    <p>VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT listed as a side effect of Nitrofurantoin?

    <p>Burning/stinging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rare side effect of Triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide?

    <p>Gout</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is classified as a tetracycline?

    <p>Minocycline Hydrochloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conditions are treated using Warfarin sodium?

    <p>Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class does Sulfamethoxazole & Trimethoprim belong to?

    <p>Sulfonamide derivative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the side effects of Penicillin V?

    <p>Rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage form for Mupirocin?

    <p>Ointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic's mechanism of action involves the inhibition of neuraminidase enzyme?

    <p>Oseltamivir Phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is classified as a combination of opioid agonist-antagonist?

    <p>Buprenorphine and Naloxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for Allopurinol?

    <p>Reduces production of uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication's dosage form includes sublingual tablet and film?

    <p>Buprenorphine and Naloxone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What side effect is common to opioids like Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is primarily used for migraine treatment?

    <p>Sumatriptan Succinate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the control schedule classification for Fentanyl Hydrochloride?

    <p>Schedule II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly used for the prevention of hyperuricemia?

    <p>Allopurinol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is an NSAID?

    <p>Diclofenac Sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Ezetimibe?

    <p>Reduce LDL cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Celecoxib works by inhibiting which enzymes?

    <p>COX-1 and COX-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid drug is known for causing CNS depression and is used to treat severe pain?

    <p>Oxycodone HCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action for Methadone Hydrochloride?

    <p>Agonist at opioid receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common side effect is associated with the use of Naproxen?

    <p>GI bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is specifically indicated for the treatment of severe pain and breakthrough pain?

    <p>Hydromorphone HCL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cephalosporins

    • Cefdinir (Omnicef) is a third-generation cephalosporin that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
    • It is available as an oral powder for reconstitution, capsules, and powder for injection/solution.
    • Cefuroxime Axetil (Ceftin) is a second-generation cephalosporin that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
    • It is available as a suspension, tablets, and powder for injection.
    • Cephalexin Monohydrate (Keflex) is a first-generation cephalosporin that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
    • It is available as tablets, oral powder for reconstitution, and capsules.

    Fluoroquinolones

    • Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride (Cipro (XR)) is a fluoroquinolone that inhibits DNA gyrase.
    • It is available as a suspension, tablets, ophthalmic, otic, and solution for injection.
    • Levofloxacin (Levaquin) is a fluoroquinolone, particularly a respiratory fluoroquinolone that inhibits DNA gyrase.
    • It is available as tablets, ophthalmic drops, oral solution, and solution for injection.

    Other Antibiotics

    • Clindamycin Hydrochloride (Cleocin) is a lincosamide that inhibits protein synthesis.
    • It is available as capsules, oral powder for reconstitution, topical pledget, and solution for injection.
    • Doxycycline Hyclate (Vibramycin) is a tetracycline derivative that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
    • It is available as capsules, tablets, and powder for oral reconstitution.
    • Metronidazole (Flagyl) is an amebicide, an antibiotic (miscellaneous), and an antiprotozoal (nitroimidazole) that inhibits DNA synthesis.
    • It is available as tablets, capsules, cream, emulsion, ointment, gel, oral suspension, and solution for injection.
    • Minocycline Hydrochloride (Minocin) is a tetracycline antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
    • It is available as capsules, tablets, and foam.
    • Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin & Macrobid) is a miscellaneous antibiotic that inactivates bacterial ribosomal proteins.
    • It is available as capsules and oral suspension.
    • Sulfamethoxazole & Trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra) is a sulfonamide derivative that inhibits nucleic acid and protein synthesis.
    • It is available as oral suspension, tablets, and solution for injection.
    • Vancomycin (Vancocin) is a glycopeptide that inhibits cell wall synthesis.
    • It is available as capsules, powder for reconstitution, injection, and powder for injection.

    Antifungal Agents

    • Fluconazole (Diflucan) is an antifungal agent (triazole) that inhibits ergosterol synthesis.
    • It is available as capsules, tablets, and powder for oral reconstitution.

    Antivirals

    • Acyclovir (Zovirax) is an antiviral agent (acyclic guanosine analog) that inhibits viral DNA synthesis.
    • It is available as oral and topical forms.
    • Valacyclovir Hydrochloride (Valtrex) is an antiviral agent that inhibits viral DNA synthesis.
    • It is available as tablets.
    • Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu) is an antiviral (neuraminidase inhibitor) that inhibits the neuraminidase enzyme.
    • It is available as capsules and oral suspension.
    • Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (Truvada) are a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an acyclic nucleotide analog (for HIV) that inhibit viral DNA incorporation and reverse transcriptase.
    • It is available as tablets.
    • Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide (Genvoya) are a multimodal (4 drugs) for treatment of HIV that include: an integrase inhibitor, a kinetic booster (3A enzyme inhibitor) of other meds, an inhibitor of viral reverse transcriptase, and a competitive inhibitor of RNA&DNA reverse transcriptase.
    • It is available as tablets.
    • Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir (Paxlovid) is an oral antiviral that includes a protease inhibitor and a CYP3A inhibitor.
    • It is available as tablets.

    Analgesics

    • Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate (Tylenol (& Codeine #3, #4)) is an analgesic that is a combination product with an opioid.

    Analgesics

    • Acetaminophen (Tylenol):

      • Reduces pain by inhibiting COX1 & 2 enzymes
      • Used for mild to moderate pain
      • Side effects: liver failure, Nausea, vomiting

    • Allopurinol (Zyloprim)

      • Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor
      • Reduces production of uric acid
      • Used in treatment of gout and prevention of hyperuricemia.
      • Side effects: Diarrhea, rash, vomiting, liver failure

    • Butalbital, Acetaminophen, and Caffeine (Fioricet)

      • A combination of barbiturate, analgesic, and CNS stimulant
      • Barbiturate for CNS depression, Acetaminophen as analgesic, Caffeine as CNS stimulant.
      • Used for tension headaches and treatment of migraine.
      • Side effects: Abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, sedation, dyspnea

    • Celecoxib (Celebrex)

      • NSAID
      • Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
      • Used for moderate to severe pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
      • Side effects: Diarrhea, headache, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, hypertension

    • Diclofenac Sodium (Flector, Voltaren, Zipsor)

      • NSAID
      • Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
      • Used for mild to moderate pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
      • Side effects: GI bleeding/perforation, contact dermatitis (opthalmic), edema, application site reaction (topical)

    • Fentanyl Hydrochloride (Duragesic)

      • Opioid
      • Opioid receptor agonist
      • Used for treatment of severe and breakthrough pain.
      • Side effects: Constipation, nausea, vomiting

    • Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen (Lortab, Lorcet, Norco, Vicodin)

      • Analgesic & Opioid agonist
      • Acetaminophen inhibits COX1 & 2, Hydrocodone is an opioid agonist
      • Used for treatment of severe pain
      • Side effects: constipation, liver failure, nausea, vomiting

    • Hydromorphone HCL (Dilaudid)

      • Opioid
      • Opioid agonist at receptors
      • Used for treatment of severe pain
      • Side effects: Constipation, CNS depression (drowsiness, fatigue), nausea, vomiting

    • Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)

      • NSAID
      • Inhibits COX1 and COX2
      • Used for fever, pain, rheumatoid/osteo arthritis, headaches
      • Side effects: Abdominal pain, constipation, anemia, diarrhea, dyspepsia

    • Meloxicam (Mobic)

      • NSAID
      • Inhibits COX1 and COX2
      • Used for moderate to severe pain, rheumatoid/osteo arthritis
      • Side effects: nausea, headache, laryngitis, dyspepsia, edema, abdominal pain

    • Methadone Hydrochloride (Methadone, Dolophine)

      • Opioid
      • Agonist at the opioid receptors
      • Used for treatment of opioid dependence, pain
      • Side effects: Constipation, abdominal pain, bradycardia

    • Morphine Sulfate (MS Contin, Kadian, Duramorph)

      • Opioid
      • Agonist at opioid receptor
      • Used for severe and persistent pain
      • Side effects: Confusion, drowsiness, dyspnea, fever

    • Naproxen (Aleve, Naprelan, Naprosyn and EC-Naprosyn)

      • NSAID
      • Inhibits COX1 and COX2
      • Used for rheumatoid/osteo arthritis, mild to moderate pain, musculoskeletal pain
      • Side effects: Dyspepsia, elevated liver enzymes, headache, constipation, GI bleeding

    • Oxycodone Hydrochloride (Oxycontin, Roxicodone, Oxaydo)

      • Opioid
      • Agonist at opioid receptor
      • Used for severe pain
      • Side effects: Constipation, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting

    • Oxycodone Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen (Percocet, Roxicet, Endocet)

      • Opioid & analgesic
      • Agonist at opioid receptors, COX 1 and 2 inhibition
      • Used for moderate to severe pain
      • Side effects: Constipation, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting

    • Sumatriptan Succinate (Imitrex)

      • Selective serotonin receptor agonist (SSRI)
      • Stimulates presynaptic serotonin (5-HT1) receptors
      • Used for treatment of migraine and cluster headaches
      • Side effects: Vertigo, injection site reaction, dysgeusia (altered taste)

    • Tramadol Hydrochloride (Ultram)

      • Opioid
      • Agonist at opioid receptor
      • Used for severe pain, treatment for postherpetic neuralgia, restless leg syndrome
      • Side effects: Agitation, anxiety, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, headache

    Cardiovascular/Antiplatelet Drugs

    • Clopidogrel (Plavix)

      • Antiplatelet
      • Selectively and irreversibly inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation
      • Used for thromboembolic prophylaxis (myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis)
      • Side effects: Bleeding, hematoma, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain

    • Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitroquick)

      • Nitrates
      • Stimulates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP levels in smooth muscle, causing vasodilation.
      • Used for Angina pectoris, acute congestive heart failure, unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, hypertensive emergency
      • Side effects: Headache, hypotension, dizziness, nausea, syncope

    Antilipemic Agents

    • Ezetimibe (Zetia)

      • Antilipemic agent
      • Inhibits cholesterol absorption in the small intestine
      • Used for hyperlipidemia
      • Side effects: Arthralgia, back pain, elevated hepatic enzymes, abdominal pain, diarrhea

    • Fenofibrate (Antara, Tricor, Triglide, Trilipix)

      • Antilipemic agent, fibric acid derivative
      • Activates PPAR-α, increasing lipid breakdown
      • Used for hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipidemia
      • Side effects: Elevated hepatic enzymes, abdominal pain, diarrhea/constipation

    • Lovastatin (Altoprev, Mevacor)

      • Antilipemic agent, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
      • Competes at the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme receptors to reduce LDL and cholesterol levels.
      • Used for hyperlipidemia
      • Side effects: Infections, arthralgia, myalgia

    • Pravastatin Sodium (Pravachol)

      • Antilipemic agent, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
      • Competes at the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme receptors to reduce LDL and cholesterol levels.
      • Used for hyperlipidemia
      • Side effects: Chest pain, musculoskeletal pain, cough, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue, rash, vomiting

    • Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)

      • Selective factor Xa inhibitor anticoagulant
      • Selectively blocks the active site of factor Xa
      • Used for stroke prophylaxis, treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
      • Side effects: Bleeding, cough, menorrhagia, vomiting

    • Rosuvastatin Calcium (Crestor)

      • Antilipemic agent, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
      • Competes at the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme receptors to reduce LDL and cholesterol levels.
      • Used for hyperlipidemia, reduction of cardiovascular mortality
      • Side effects: Arthralgia, myalgia, constipation, headache, nausea

    • Simvastatin (Zocor)

      • Antilipemic agent, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
      • Competes at the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme receptors to reduce LDL and cholesterol levels.
      • Used for hyperlipidemia
      • Side effects: Abdominal pain, atrial fibrillation, constipation, headache, infection, gastritis

    Diuretics

    • Spironolactone (Aldactone)

      • Potassium-sparing diuretic
      • Inhibits aldosterone in distal renal tubules, enhancing sodium, chloride, and water excretion.
      • Used for hypertension, heart failure, edema due to cirrhosis
      • Side effects: Hyperkalemia (increases potassium), gout (increases uric acid), bradycardia, dehydration

    • Triamterene and HCTZ (Dyazide, Maxzide, Maxzide-25)

      • Diuretic (combination)
      • Produces antihypertensive effects by increasing sodium excretion
      • Used for treatment of hypertension, peripheral edema
      • Side effects: Gout, hyperglycemia (inc glucose), hyperkalemia (inc potassium), hyperuricemia (inc uric acid) - ALL RARE

    Anticoagulants

    • Warfarin Sodium (Coumadin, Jantoven)
      • Anticoagulant
      • Inhibits synthesis of Vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X and protein C and S
      • Used for treatment and prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)
      • Side effects: Bleeding, ocular hemorrhage

    Other

    • Buprenorphine and Naloxone (Suboxone):
      • Combination of opioid agonist-antagonist
      • Buprenorphine – partial agonist, naloxone – antagonist (both at the mu opioid receptors)
      • Used for treatment of opioid dependence
      • Side effects: Abdominal pain, constipation, headache, anxiety, depression

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, two important classes of antibiotics. This quiz covers their classifications, mechanisms of action, and available formulations. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these essential medications!

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