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Questions and Answers
What is the mechanism of action for Cefdinir?
Which of the following is a side effect associated with Clindamycin Hydrochloride?
What type of infections is Doxycycline Hyclate used to treat?
What class of antibiotic is Cefuroxime Axetil?
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Which side effect is NOT associated with Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride?
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What condition can Fluconazole be used to treat?
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What is the dosage form available for Metronidazole?
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Inhibition of which bacterial component is a mechanism for Cefalexin Monohydrate?
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Which antibiotic is categorized as a Fluoroquinolone and also used for respiratory infections?
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Which of the following is a common side effect of both Doxycycline Hyclate and Cefdinir?
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What is the mechanism of action of Vancomycin?
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Which of the following conditions is Vancomycin primarily used to treat?
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What is a common side effect of Acyclovir?
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Which drug is classified as a multimodal treatment for HIV?
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What type of agent is Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil used for?
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Which pharmacological class does Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir belong to?
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What is a reported side effect of Valacyclovir Hydrochloride?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate?
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Which of the following statements is true about Tenofovir Alafenamide?
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What is a common side effect of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil?
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What is the mechanism of action for Minocycline Hydrochloride?
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Which antibiotic is specifically indicated for the treatment of impetigo?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of Triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide in treating hypertension?
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What are the common side effects associated with Oseltamivir Phosphate?
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Which of the following side effects is commonly associated with both Triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide?
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Which antibiotic is described as an Amidinopenicillin?
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What is the control schedule for Warfarin sodium?
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What is NOT listed as a side effect of Nitrofurantoin?
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What is a rare side effect of Triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide?
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Which of the following antibiotics is classified as a tetracycline?
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What conditions are treated using Warfarin sodium?
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Which class does Sulfamethoxazole & Trimethoprim belong to?
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What is one of the side effects of Penicillin V?
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What is the dosage form for Mupirocin?
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Which antibiotic's mechanism of action involves the inhibition of neuraminidase enzyme?
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Which medication is classified as a combination of opioid agonist-antagonist?
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What is the primary mechanism of action for Allopurinol?
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Which medication's dosage form includes sublingual tablet and film?
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What side effect is common to opioids like Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen?
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Which drug is primarily used for migraine treatment?
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What is the control schedule classification for Fentanyl Hydrochloride?
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Which medication is commonly used for the prevention of hyperuricemia?
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Which of the following medications is an NSAID?
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What is the main purpose of Ezetimibe?
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Celecoxib works by inhibiting which enzymes?
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Which opioid drug is known for causing CNS depression and is used to treat severe pain?
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What is the mechanism of action for Methadone Hydrochloride?
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What common side effect is associated with the use of Naproxen?
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Which medication is specifically indicated for the treatment of severe pain and breakthrough pain?
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Study Notes
Cephalosporins
- Cefdinir (Omnicef) is a third-generation cephalosporin that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
- It is available as an oral powder for reconstitution, capsules, and powder for injection/solution.
- Cefuroxime Axetil (Ceftin) is a second-generation cephalosporin that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
- It is available as a suspension, tablets, and powder for injection.
- Cephalexin Monohydrate (Keflex) is a first-generation cephalosporin that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis.
- It is available as tablets, oral powder for reconstitution, and capsules.
Fluoroquinolones
- Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride (Cipro (XR)) is a fluoroquinolone that inhibits DNA gyrase.
- It is available as a suspension, tablets, ophthalmic, otic, and solution for injection.
- Levofloxacin (Levaquin) is a fluoroquinolone, particularly a respiratory fluoroquinolone that inhibits DNA gyrase.
- It is available as tablets, ophthalmic drops, oral solution, and solution for injection.
Other Antibiotics
- Clindamycin Hydrochloride (Cleocin) is a lincosamide that inhibits protein synthesis.
- It is available as capsules, oral powder for reconstitution, topical pledget, and solution for injection.
- Doxycycline Hyclate (Vibramycin) is a tetracycline derivative that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
- It is available as capsules, tablets, and powder for oral reconstitution.
- Metronidazole (Flagyl) is an amebicide, an antibiotic (miscellaneous), and an antiprotozoal (nitroimidazole) that inhibits DNA synthesis.
- It is available as tablets, capsules, cream, emulsion, ointment, gel, oral suspension, and solution for injection.
- Minocycline Hydrochloride (Minocin) is a tetracycline antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis.
- It is available as capsules, tablets, and foam.
- Nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin & Macrobid) is a miscellaneous antibiotic that inactivates bacterial ribosomal proteins.
- It is available as capsules and oral suspension.
- Sulfamethoxazole & Trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra) is a sulfonamide derivative that inhibits nucleic acid and protein synthesis.
- It is available as oral suspension, tablets, and solution for injection.
- Vancomycin (Vancocin) is a glycopeptide that inhibits cell wall synthesis.
- It is available as capsules, powder for reconstitution, injection, and powder for injection.
Antifungal Agents
- Fluconazole (Diflucan) is an antifungal agent (triazole) that inhibits ergosterol synthesis.
- It is available as capsules, tablets, and powder for oral reconstitution.
Antivirals
- Acyclovir (Zovirax) is an antiviral agent (acyclic guanosine analog) that inhibits viral DNA synthesis.
- It is available as oral and topical forms.
- Valacyclovir Hydrochloride (Valtrex) is an antiviral agent that inhibits viral DNA synthesis.
- It is available as tablets.
- Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu) is an antiviral (neuraminidase inhibitor) that inhibits the neuraminidase enzyme.
- It is available as capsules and oral suspension.
- Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (Truvada) are a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and an acyclic nucleotide analog (for HIV) that inhibit viral DNA incorporation and reverse transcriptase.
- It is available as tablets.
- Elvitegravir, Cobicistat, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide (Genvoya) are a multimodal (4 drugs) for treatment of HIV that include: an integrase inhibitor, a kinetic booster (3A enzyme inhibitor) of other meds, an inhibitor of viral reverse transcriptase, and a competitive inhibitor of RNA&DNA reverse transcriptase.
- It is available as tablets.
- Nirmatrelvir and Ritonavir (Paxlovid) is an oral antiviral that includes a protease inhibitor and a CYP3A inhibitor.
- It is available as tablets.
Analgesics
- Acetaminophen and Codeine Phosphate (Tylenol (& Codeine #3, #4)) is an analgesic that is a combination product with an opioid.
Analgesics
-
Acetaminophen (Tylenol):
- Reduces pain by inhibiting COX1 & 2 enzymes
- Used for mild to moderate pain
- Side effects: liver failure, Nausea, vomiting
-
Allopurinol (Zyloprim)
- Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor
- Reduces production of uric acid
- Used in treatment of gout and prevention of hyperuricemia.
- Side effects: Diarrhea, rash, vomiting, liver failure
-
Butalbital, Acetaminophen, and Caffeine (Fioricet)
- A combination of barbiturate, analgesic, and CNS stimulant
- Barbiturate for CNS depression, Acetaminophen as analgesic, Caffeine as CNS stimulant.
- Used for tension headaches and treatment of migraine.
- Side effects: Abdominal pain, nausea, dizziness, sedation, dyspnea
-
Celecoxib (Celebrex)
- NSAID
- Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
- Used for moderate to severe pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
- Side effects: Diarrhea, headache, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, hypertension
-
Diclofenac Sodium (Flector, Voltaren, Zipsor)
- NSAID
- Inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
- Used for mild to moderate pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis
- Side effects: GI bleeding/perforation, contact dermatitis (opthalmic), edema, application site reaction (topical)
-
Fentanyl Hydrochloride (Duragesic)
- Opioid
- Opioid receptor agonist
- Used for treatment of severe and breakthrough pain.
- Side effects: Constipation, nausea, vomiting
-
Hydrocodone Bitartrate and Acetaminophen (Lortab, Lorcet, Norco, Vicodin)
- Analgesic & Opioid agonist
- Acetaminophen inhibits COX1 & 2, Hydrocodone is an opioid agonist
- Used for treatment of severe pain
- Side effects: constipation, liver failure, nausea, vomiting
-
Hydromorphone HCL (Dilaudid)
- Opioid
- Opioid agonist at receptors
- Used for treatment of severe pain
- Side effects: Constipation, CNS depression (drowsiness, fatigue), nausea, vomiting
-
Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
- NSAID
- Inhibits COX1 and COX2
- Used for fever, pain, rheumatoid/osteo arthritis, headaches
- Side effects: Abdominal pain, constipation, anemia, diarrhea, dyspepsia
-
Meloxicam (Mobic)
- NSAID
- Inhibits COX1 and COX2
- Used for moderate to severe pain, rheumatoid/osteo arthritis
- Side effects: nausea, headache, laryngitis, dyspepsia, edema, abdominal pain
-
Methadone Hydrochloride (Methadone, Dolophine)
- Opioid
- Agonist at the opioid receptors
- Used for treatment of opioid dependence, pain
- Side effects: Constipation, abdominal pain, bradycardia
-
Morphine Sulfate (MS Contin, Kadian, Duramorph)
- Opioid
- Agonist at opioid receptor
- Used for severe and persistent pain
- Side effects: Confusion, drowsiness, dyspnea, fever
-
Naproxen (Aleve, Naprelan, Naprosyn and EC-Naprosyn)
- NSAID
- Inhibits COX1 and COX2
- Used for rheumatoid/osteo arthritis, mild to moderate pain, musculoskeletal pain
- Side effects: Dyspepsia, elevated liver enzymes, headache, constipation, GI bleeding
-
Oxycodone Hydrochloride (Oxycontin, Roxicodone, Oxaydo)
- Opioid
- Agonist at opioid receptor
- Used for severe pain
- Side effects: Constipation, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting
-
Oxycodone Hydrochloride and Acetaminophen (Percocet, Roxicet, Endocet)
- Opioid & analgesic
- Agonist at opioid receptors, COX 1 and 2 inhibition
- Used for moderate to severe pain
- Side effects: Constipation, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting
-
Sumatriptan Succinate (Imitrex)
- Selective serotonin receptor agonist (SSRI)
- Stimulates presynaptic serotonin (5-HT1) receptors
- Used for treatment of migraine and cluster headaches
- Side effects: Vertigo, injection site reaction, dysgeusia (altered taste)
-
Tramadol Hydrochloride (Ultram)
- Opioid
- Agonist at opioid receptor
- Used for severe pain, treatment for postherpetic neuralgia, restless leg syndrome
- Side effects: Agitation, anxiety, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, headache
Cardiovascular/Antiplatelet Drugs
-
Clopidogrel (Plavix)
- Antiplatelet
- Selectively and irreversibly inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation
- Used for thromboembolic prophylaxis (myocardial infarction, stroke, thrombosis)
- Side effects: Bleeding, hematoma, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain
-
Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitroquick)
- Nitrates
- Stimulates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP levels in smooth muscle, causing vasodilation.
- Used for Angina pectoris, acute congestive heart failure, unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, hypertensive emergency
- Side effects: Headache, hypotension, dizziness, nausea, syncope
Antilipemic Agents
-
Ezetimibe (Zetia)
- Antilipemic agent
- Inhibits cholesterol absorption in the small intestine
- Used for hyperlipidemia
- Side effects: Arthralgia, back pain, elevated hepatic enzymes, abdominal pain, diarrhea
-
Fenofibrate (Antara, Tricor, Triglide, Trilipix)
- Antilipemic agent, fibric acid derivative
- Activates PPAR-α, increasing lipid breakdown
- Used for hypertriglyceridemia and hyperlipidemia
- Side effects: Elevated hepatic enzymes, abdominal pain, diarrhea/constipation
-
Lovastatin (Altoprev, Mevacor)
- Antilipemic agent, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
- Competes at the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme receptors to reduce LDL and cholesterol levels.
- Used for hyperlipidemia
- Side effects: Infections, arthralgia, myalgia
-
Pravastatin Sodium (Pravachol)
- Antilipemic agent, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
- Competes at the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme receptors to reduce LDL and cholesterol levels.
- Used for hyperlipidemia
- Side effects: Chest pain, musculoskeletal pain, cough, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue, rash, vomiting
-
Rivaroxaban (Xarelto)
- Selective factor Xa inhibitor anticoagulant
- Selectively blocks the active site of factor Xa
- Used for stroke prophylaxis, treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
- Side effects: Bleeding, cough, menorrhagia, vomiting
-
Rosuvastatin Calcium (Crestor)
- Antilipemic agent, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
- Competes at the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme receptors to reduce LDL and cholesterol levels.
- Used for hyperlipidemia, reduction of cardiovascular mortality
- Side effects: Arthralgia, myalgia, constipation, headache, nausea
-
Simvastatin (Zocor)
- Antilipemic agent, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
- Competes at the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme receptors to reduce LDL and cholesterol levels.
- Used for hyperlipidemia
- Side effects: Abdominal pain, atrial fibrillation, constipation, headache, infection, gastritis
Diuretics
-
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
- Potassium-sparing diuretic
- Inhibits aldosterone in distal renal tubules, enhancing sodium, chloride, and water excretion.
- Used for hypertension, heart failure, edema due to cirrhosis
- Side effects: Hyperkalemia (increases potassium), gout (increases uric acid), bradycardia, dehydration
-
Triamterene and HCTZ (Dyazide, Maxzide, Maxzide-25)
- Diuretic (combination)
- Produces antihypertensive effects by increasing sodium excretion
- Used for treatment of hypertension, peripheral edema
- Side effects: Gout, hyperglycemia (inc glucose), hyperkalemia (inc potassium), hyperuricemia (inc uric acid) - ALL RARE
Anticoagulants
-
Warfarin Sodium (Coumadin, Jantoven)
- Anticoagulant
- Inhibits synthesis of Vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X and protein C and S
- Used for treatment and prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)
- Side effects: Bleeding, ocular hemorrhage
Other
-
Buprenorphine and Naloxone (Suboxone):
- Combination of opioid agonist-antagonist
- Buprenorphine – partial agonist, naloxone – antagonist (both at the mu opioid receptors)
- Used for treatment of opioid dependence
- Side effects: Abdominal pain, constipation, headache, anxiety, depression
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Description
Test your knowledge on cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, two important classes of antibiotics. This quiz covers their classifications, mechanisms of action, and available formulations. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand these essential medications!
