Central Nervous System Overview and Neurotransmitters

<p>Gabapentin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Felbamate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nausea and vomiting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pregabalin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethosuximide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Febrile convulsions in infants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbamazepine (B), Oxcarbazepine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hallucinations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoinduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxcarbazepine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABA receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blocks voltage-gated Na channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nystagmus and ataxia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is excreted mostly unchanged in urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbamazepine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fosphenytoin can be administered intramuscularly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>40-100 μmol/l (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ganaxolone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rashes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slow inactivation of Na channels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolongs GABAergic transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Euphoria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cognitive behavioral therapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osteoporosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Valproate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase of GABA availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethosuximide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Block Na and T-type Ca channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neural tube defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial seizures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Weight loss due to appetite suppression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition of GABA transaminase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalized seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral visual field defects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has similar action to phenytoin but with less severe side effects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, responsible for higher-level functions like thinking, memory, and language.

The hypothalamus controls many vital functions, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep.

The thalamus is a relay center for sensory information, sending it to the appropriate parts of the cerebrum.

Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that enhance the effects of GABA, a neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve activity.

Clonazepam is a potent and long-acting benzodiazepine used for epilepsy and panic disorders.

Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used for short-term therapy of epilepsy and muscle spasms.

Carbamazepine blocks sodium channels, preventing nerve impulses from firing too rapidly, which can be helpful in managing epilepsy.

Oxcarbazepine is similar to carbamazepine, but it's a less potent inducer of liver enzymes, making it a good choice for people with liver problems.

A long-acting barbiturate (1-2 days) that enhances the inhibitory effects of GABA-mediated neurons. It is used to treat generalized tonic-clonic seizures. The mechanism of action is to enhance the effect of GABA, a neurotransmitter that has an inhibitory effect on the brain.

This medication is metabolized by the UGT pathway, which could lead to drug interactions with other medications like antiepileptic agents. It is important to note that the levels of the drug are decreased by carbamazepine and phenytoin, while it is increased by valproate.

The main mechanism of action is to block voltage-gated Na channels. This medication is effective in treating partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures but is not effective for absence epilepsy. It is important to note that the therapeutic range of phenytoin is quite narrow and needs close monitoring of plasma concentrations.

This medication is an alternative to Phenytoin. It can be administered intramuscularly unlike phenytoin. It is also used to treat partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

The main mechanism of action is to inactivate Na channels. It is used as an adjunctive treatment for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. It is important to note that the serum concentrations are affected by food, other medications like carbamazepine and phenytoin, and even birth control tablets.

It is a newer antiepileptic drug that works by prolonging GABAergic transmission. It is used as adjunctive therapy in children with epilepsy. It is important to note that it has some efficacy in children.

A type of epilepsy characterized by frequent, varied seizures with medication resistance, behavioral issues and cognitive impairment.

Eslicarbazepine is an antiepileptic drug primarily used for partial seizures, but is also effective for trigeminal neuralgia (TN).

Ethosuximide is most effective against absence seizures (petit mal) with little effect on other seizure types.

Felbamate is an anti-epileptic drug with a broad spectrum of activity, effective against various seizure types. It was used for Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS). But its use is limited due to its associated risks of aplastic anemia and hepatitis.

Carisbamate is a newer drug in clinical trials for epilepsy. It has a lower risk of aplastic anemia compared to Felbamate.

Gabapentin and Pregabalin are anticonvulsant medications that work primarily by affecting P/Q type Ca channels.

Lamotrigine is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug, effective against various types of seizures including absence seizures. It's also used for bipolar disorder.

Hyponatremia is a medical condition characterized by a low sodium level in the blood. It can be a side effect of some medications, including eslicarbazepine.

A group of medications used to prevent or reduce the frequency of seizures in people with epilepsy.

AEDs can increase the activity of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter, by inhibiting GABA transaminase, which breaks down GABA. This results in more GABA available to bind to GABA receptors and reduce neuronal activity.

AEDs like Phenytoin and Carbamazepine block sodium channels, reducing the influx of sodium ions into neurons, thus decreasing neuronal excitability and preventing seizure activity.

AEDs like Lacosamide slow the inactivation of sodium channels, prolonging their closed state and reducing neuronal excitability.

Zonisamide is an antiepileptic drug that blocks sodium and T-type calcium channels and enhances GABAergic transmission.

AEDs can also work by blocking calcium channels. This reduces the influx of calcium ions into neurons, which are essential for neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability.

AEDs can also modulate glutamate receptors, which are crucial for excitatory neurotransmission. Reducing glutamate activity helps control neuronal hyperactivity and seizures.

Zonisamide is approved for use in patients with partial epilepsy, but it can cause adverse effects like ataxia, confusion, sedation, and concentration issues.

AEDs can cause adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, sedation, ataxia (loss of coordination), rash, hyponatremia (low sodium), weight changes, osteoporosis, and teratogenicity (birth defects).

Tiagabine inhibits the GABA transporter-1, increasing GABA levels in the brain. It is typically used as an add-on therapy for partial seizures.

AEDs can also be used to treat a variety of other conditions, including neuropathic pain, migraine, and bipolar disorder, due to their effects on neurotransmission.

Topiramate is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug that affects multiple neurotransmitter systems, including sodium channels, calcium channels, GABA receptors, and glutamate receptors.

Topiramate has similar effectiveness to phenytoin but with fewer side effects and a distinct pharmacokinetic profile.

Valproic acid and divalproex are antiepileptic drugs that inhibit T-type calcium channels, block sodium channels, and inhibit GABA transaminase.

Vigabatrin is a powerful and irreversible inhibitor of GABA transaminase, significantly increasing GABA levels in the brain. It is effective for many types of epilepsy, particularly in patients resistant to other treatments.

While vigabatrin is effective against epilepsy, it can cause unwanted side effects, including peripheral visual field defects, sedation, depression, psychotic disturbances, and hallucinations.