Central Nervous System & Neurotransmitters
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the central nervous system?

  • Producing hormones
  • Managing digestive functions
  • Processing sensory information (correct)
  • Regulating blood flow

    • Which part of the nervous system is primarily involved in voluntary movement?

  • Peripheral nervous system
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Sympathetic nervous system
  • Central nervous system (correct)

    • What role do neurotransmitters play in the nervous system?

  • Storing genetic information
  • Providing structural support to neurons
  • Facilitating communication between neurons (correct)
  • Producing energy for neural activities

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of the central nervous system?

    <p>Peripheral nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for processing and transmitting sensory information?

    <p>Neuron cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical symptoms are associated with a lack of dopamine in the body?

    <p>Shaking, irregular movements, and loss of motion control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is linked to unusually high amounts of dopamine in the body?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does dopamine deficiency have on motion control?

    <p>Leads to loss of motion control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with low dopamine levels?

    <p>Extreme euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can high dopamine levels negatively affect an individual?

    <p>Leading to schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of unique neurotransmitters identified in humans?

    <p>More than 200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>Receive signals from other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a synapse?

    <p>A junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a neurotransmitter primarily influence a neuron?

    <p>In an excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of acetylcholine in the body?

    <p>It helps send messages between nerve cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the myelin sheath play in neuronal function?

    <p>It facilitates the conduction of nerve impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters is true?

    <p>The exact number of unique neurotransmitters is unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do nerve impulses transmit across a synapse?

    <p>Using chemicals released by the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with acetylcholine?

    <p>Digestion of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT describe a way neurotransmitters can influence neurons?

    <p>Sustained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Through which types of receptors does acetylcholine primarily work?

    <p>Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that neurotransmitters are categorized based on their function?

    <p>As excitatory, inhibitory, or modulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the axon of a neuron do?

    <p>It transmits signals away from the neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about acetylcholine is incorrect?

    <p>It only functions in muscle movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following activities is influenced by acetylcholine?

    <p>Facilitating muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first requirement for a chemical to have an effect in a neuron?

    <p>It must be synthesized in the neuron or be present in it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen when the neuron is active regarding the chemical?

    <p>The chemical must be released to produce a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a requirement for the response of a chemical in the neuron?

    <p>The chemical must produce a response in some targets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the presence of chemicals in neurons?

    <p>Chemicals must be available in the neuron to function correctly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to the chemical after it is released from the neuron?

    <p>It can interact with target cells to create a response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Central Nervous System & Neurotransmitters

    • The nervous system in humans controls bodily functions and responses to the surrounding environment
    • The nervous system comprises the brain, spinal cord, spinal nerves, and specialized sense organs
    • Sense organs detect stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the central nervous system
    • Nerve impulses are electrical signals that travel through the peripheral nervous system to the central nervous system.
    • The body contains approximately 1 trillion nerve cells, and 100 chemicals, called neurotransmitters, facilitate communication between these cells.
    • The nervous system is divided into central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) components
    • CNS encompasses the brain and spinal cord
    • PNS includes all nerves and sensory structures outside the CNS
    • The PNS further subdivides into somatic and autonomic systems
    • The somatic system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements
    • The autonomic system regulates involuntary functions like gland and smooth muscle activity
    • The autonomic system further divides into sympathetic ("fight or flight") and parasympathetic ("rest and digest") branches
    • A neuron, or nerve cell, has components like dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, and synaptic terminals that contribute to neuronal functions and communication
    • Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses between neurons
    • Synapses are junctions between neurons or between neurons and effectors (muscles or glands)
    • Nerve impulses are transmitted across the synapse by chemicals called neurotransmitters
    • Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a response
    • Neurotransmitters are classified into various categories:
      • Excitatory: Glutamate, Acetylcholine, Histamine, Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
      • Inhibitory: GABA, Glycine
      • Modulatory: Various neuropeptides, hormones
    • The four criteria for identifying neurotransmitters include:
      • Synthesis within the neuron
      • Release upon neuronal activity, triggering responses in target cells
      • Exogenous application elicits similar responses in target cells
      • Mechanisms for inactivation/removal after function completion

    Introduction to the Nervous System

    • Living organisms react to environmental changes (stimuli)
    • An organism's reaction to a stimulus is called a response
    • The ability to respond to stimuli is sensitivity, or irritability

    Neurotransmitter Function

    • Neurotransmitters influence neurons in three ways: excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory
    • Examples: glutamate (excitatory), glycine/GABA (inhibitory), neuropeptides/hormones (modulatory)
    • Certain neurotransmitters, like dopamine, are crucial for various functions, including motivation and movement
    • Others, like serotonin, play essential roles in mood regulation
    • Acetylcholine is involved in muscle movement, heart rate and memory. Deficiencies can manifest in major symptoms like forgetfulness and difficulty with daily tasks
    • Dopamine is associated with pleasure, reward, and motor control. Parkinson's disease (and schizophrenia) is linked with abnormal dopamine levels
    • Serotonin plays a role in mood regulation
    • Norepinephrine and epinephrine are involved in the "fight or flight" response
    • GABA and Glycine are primarily inhibitory neurotransmitters
    • Endorphins are associated with pain relief and euphoria

    How to Improve Acetylcholine

    • Adapt to stress better by improving coping mechanisms.
    • Balance blood sugar levels
    • Use caffeine strategically
    • Eat nutrient-rich, choline-rich foods
    • Practice neuro-exercises (mental exercises to stimulate brain function)
    • Cleanse the body. Get enough sleep
    • Examples of choline-rich foods: Pastured poultry liver, grass-fed meats, grass-fed beef liver, pasture-raised eggs, wild-caught salmon, broccoli/cauliflower, rosemary.

    Impact of neurotransmitter imbalances

    • Parkinson's disease arises from the death of dopamine-producing brain cells leading to movement problems (shaking, difficulty moving)

    Additional Notes

    • The exact number of neurotransmitters is unknown, but more than 200 have been identified
    • Neurotransmitters can act through different receptors. (e.g. muscarinic, nicotinic)
    • Scientists initially thought synaptic communication was mainly electrical; Otto Loewi discovered chemicals called neurotransmitters.

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    Central nervous system & neurotransmitters PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of the central nervous system (CNS) and neurotransmitters in this quiz. Learn about how the CNS controls bodily functions, the role of nerve cells and impulses, and the distinctions between the central and peripheral nervous systems. Test your knowledge of how we respond to our environment through these complex systems.

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