Podcast
Questions and Answers
The discovery of reverse transcriptase by Howard Temin and David Baltimore directly contradicted which fundamental tenet of the original central dogma of molecular biology?
The discovery of reverse transcriptase by Howard Temin and David Baltimore directly contradicted which fundamental tenet of the original central dogma of molecular biology?
- RNA can be translated into proteins by ribosomes.
- DNA replication occurs through DNA polymerase.
- Genetic information flow is unidirectional from DNA to RNA to protein. (correct)
- DNA is the primary source of genetic information.
Which process was added to the expanded central dogma of molecular biology as a direct consequence of the discovery of reverse transcriptase?
Which process was added to the expanded central dogma of molecular biology as a direct consequence of the discovery of reverse transcriptase?
- Translation of RNA to protein
- Transcription of DNA to RNA
- DNA replication from RNA (correct)
- DNA replication from DNA
In the context of viral replication, reverse transcriptase enables retroviruses like HIV to perform which crucial step?
In the context of viral replication, reverse transcriptase enables retroviruses like HIV to perform which crucial step?
- Synthesize a DNA copy of their RNA genome for integration into the host cell's DNA. (correct)
- Integrate viral RNA directly into the host cell's genome.
- Directly translate viral RNA into proteins within the host cell.
- Replicate their RNA genome using host cell RNA polymerases.
Besides reverse transcription, what other process involving RNA was incorporated into the expanded central dogma, reflecting RNA's broader role in genetic information flow?
Besides reverse transcription, what other process involving RNA was incorporated into the expanded central dogma, reflecting RNA's broader role in genetic information flow?
Consider a newly discovered virus that utilizes RNA replication and reverse transcription. Based on the expanded central dogma, which statement accurately describes its genetic information flow?
Consider a newly discovered virus that utilizes RNA replication and reverse transcription. Based on the expanded central dogma, which statement accurately describes its genetic information flow?
How does the expanded central dogma explain the ability of certain viruses to cause cancer?
How does the expanded central dogma explain the ability of certain viruses to cause cancer?
Beyond the processes explicitly mentioned in the original central dogma, what broader category of genetic elements, highlighted in the context of the expanded view, plays a significant role in gene regulation and information transfer?
Beyond the processes explicitly mentioned in the original central dogma, what broader category of genetic elements, highlighted in the context of the expanded view, plays a significant role in gene regulation and information transfer?
Which of the following best describes the role of RNA in the central dogma of molecular biology?
Which of the following best describes the role of RNA in the central dogma of molecular biology?
Considering the central dogma, what would be the most immediate consequence of a mutation that alters the sequence of a gene in DNA?
Considering the central dogma, what would be the most immediate consequence of a mutation that alters the sequence of a gene in DNA?
How did the discovery of reverse transcriptase modify the original central dogma?
How did the discovery of reverse transcriptase modify the original central dogma?
Imagine a drug that specifically inhibits the function of RNA polymerase. According to the central dogma, what process would be directly affected by this drug?
Imagine a drug that specifically inhibits the function of RNA polymerase. According to the central dogma, what process would be directly affected by this drug?
Using the cake-baking analogy for the central dogma, if the cake tastes different from what was expected based on the recipe (DNA), what could be a possible explanation?
Using the cake-baking analogy for the central dogma, if the cake tastes different from what was expected based on the recipe (DNA), what could be a possible explanation?
If a scientist discovers a new enzyme that can directly convert a specific protein sequence back into a corresponding RNA sequence, how would this discovery impact the current understanding of the central dogma?
If a scientist discovers a new enzyme that can directly convert a specific protein sequence back into a corresponding RNA sequence, how would this discovery impact the current understanding of the central dogma?
According to the central dogma, which of the following molecular processes is essential for cells to pass on genetic information to daughter cells during cell division?
According to the central dogma, which of the following molecular processes is essential for cells to pass on genetic information to daughter cells during cell division?
A researcher is studying a newly discovered virus and finds that its genetic material is RNA. Furthermore, the virus uses this RNA to create DNA within the host cell. Which enzyme is most likely responsible for this process?
A researcher is studying a newly discovered virus and finds that its genetic material is RNA. Furthermore, the virus uses this RNA to create DNA within the host cell. Which enzyme is most likely responsible for this process?
Flashcards
Reverse Transcriptase
Reverse Transcriptase
Enzyme used by viruses like HIV to replicate by copying RNA into DNA.
Central Dogma (Original)
Central Dogma (Original)
The original model describing the flow of genetic information in cells.
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
DNA replication from DNA
Transcription
Transcription
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Translation
Translation
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Central Dogma (Expanded)
Central Dogma (Expanded)
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Reverse Transcription
Reverse Transcription
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Central Dogma
Central Dogma
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Central Dogma Process
Central Dogma Process
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DNA's Role
DNA's Role
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RNA's Role
RNA's Role
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Proteins Role
Proteins Role
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Directionality
Directionality
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Revised Central Dogma
Revised Central Dogma
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Study Notes
- The central dogma of biology describes the flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to RNA to protein.
- The central dogma emphasizes the directionality of information flow in cells, from DNA to RNA to proteins.
- Proteins cannot be used as a template for RNA or DNA, so, information flows only one way.
Analogy of the Central Dogma
- Baking a cake is a good way to under the flow of information.
- The recipe held in the recipe card is the DNA
- The picture taken of the recipe card is like RNA
- The cake is like the protein created from the original DNA recipe
Central Dogma Theory
- James Watson and Francis Crick originally published the central dogma theory in 1957.
- The central dogma explained that DNA is copied to RNA which required an intermediate, later determined to be transfer RNA (tRNA) to create proteins.
- Information in proteins could not be used to go back to DNA.
- In 1970, Howard Temin and David Baltimore discovered reverse transcriptase.
- Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that creates DNA by copying RNA.
- Reverse transcriptase is used by viruses like HIV to replicate.
Original Central Dogma
- The original central dogma includes three processes: DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
- DNA replication involves DNA polymerase reading DNA and synthesizing a complementary strand.
- Transcription is when RNA polymerase reads DNA to create a complementary strand of RNA.
- RNA uses the sugar ribose, is single-stranded, and uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T).
- DNA uses deoxyribose as its sugar with the bases adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
- Translation is when ribosomes read RNA to make proteins.
- DNA can be read to create DNA or RNA, and RNA creates protein, but protein cannot create RNA or DNA.
Expanded Central Dogma
- The expanded central dogma includes: DNA replication, transcription, translation, RNA replication, reverse transcription, and direct translation of DNA to protein.
- Reverse transcription is when RNA is read to create a complementary copy of DNA.
- Viruses use this process to read their RNA genome and create DNA to insert into the host's DNA.
- Some viruses cause cancer through mutations from this process.
- RNA synthesis from RNA is another method of genome replication in some viruses.
- Non-coding RNA plays a role in gene regulation, protein functionality, and information transfer.
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Description
The central dogma explains how genetic information flows in cells, from DNA to RNA to proteins. It emphasizes that information flows directionally and proteins cannot be templates for RNA or DNA. Reverse transcriptase was discovered in 1970 by Howard Temin and David Baltimore.
