Medical Genetics: Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the process of removing the introns and splicing the exons together called?

Splicing (correct)

Polyadenylation

Elongation

Initiation

What is added to the 5' end of mRNA during the process of capping?

Exons

7-methyl guanosine cap (correct)

Introns

Polyadenylated tail

What is the main purpose of adding a polyadenylated tail to the 3' end of completed mRNA?

Splicing the exons together

Enhances translation efficiency

Helps in passage of mRNA from nucleus into the cytoplasm (correct)

Increases mRNA stability

What does the genetic code read as?

Triplet code with no comma between the codons Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for forming peptide bonds between amino acids during translation?

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of adding an aminoacyl group to tRNA molecules called?

Charging Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the initiation stage of protein synthesis?

Binding of large ribosomal subunit to initiator complex Signup and view all the answers

Which structure holds mRNA, aminoacyl tRNA, and the polypeptide chain in a correct orientation during translation?

Large subunit of ribosome Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the elongation stage of translation?

Translocation and release of tRNA from P-site Signup and view all the answers

What occurs at stop codons during translation termination?

Recognition and binding by release factor Signup and view all the answers

What are polyribosomes (polysomes) during translation?

Linked clusters of ribosomal molecules in mRNA Signup and view all the answers

What does tRNA do during translation?

Bring amino acids to the mRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?

Helicase Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of DNA synthesis?

5' to 3' Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

DNA ligase Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'semiconservative' in DNA replication?

Each newly synthesized DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for relieving the tension ahead of the replication fork?

Topoisomerase Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for adding RNA primers to initiate DNA synthesis?

Primase Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

Adds nucleotides to the growing DNA strand in the 3' to 5' direction Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the process of transcription?

Synthesis of RNA from DNA using both strands as templates simultaneously Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of RNA polymerase during transcription?

Synthesizes RNA from the DNA template Signup and view all the answers

'Differs from DNA synthesis in that only one strand of DNA, the template strand, is used to make mRNA.' This statement best describes which process?

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA polymerases during transcription?

Synthesizes RNA from the DNA template Signup and view all the answers

In which direction does RNA synthesis proceed?

5' to 3' Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of gene structure during transcription?

Involves multiple RNA polymerases Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

RNA Processing

The process of removing introns and splicing exons together is called splicing.
A 7-methylguanosine cap is added to the 5' end of mRNA during capping.
The main purpose of adding a polyadenylated tail to the 3' end of completed mRNA is to protect the mRNA from degradation and facilitate translation.

Genetic Code

The genetic code reads as a sequence of codons that specify amino acids.

Translation

The ribosome is responsible for forming peptide bonds between amino acids during translation.
The process of adding an aminoacyl group to tRNA molecules is called aminoacylation.
During the initiation stage of protein synthesis, the ribosome binds to the mRNA, and the initiator tRNA brings the first amino acid to the start codon.
The ribosome holds mRNA, aminoacyl-tRNA, and the polypeptide chain in a correct orientation during translation.
During the elongation stage of translation, amino acids are added to the polypeptide chain one at a time.
At stop codons during translation termination, the ribosome releases the completed polypeptide chain.
Polyribosomes (polysomes) are clusters of ribosomes translating a single mRNA molecule.
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

DNA Replication

The enzyme helicase is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication.
DNA synthesis occurs in the 5' to 3' direction.
The enzyme DNA ligase is responsible for joining the Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
The term 'semiconservative' in DNA replication means that each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand (template) and one new strand.
The enzyme topoisomerase is responsible for relieving the tension ahead of the replication fork.
The enzyme primase is responsible for adding RNA primers to initiate DNA synthesis.
The role of DNA polymerase is to synthesize new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the template strand.

Transcription

The process of transcription is best described as: "Differs from DNA synthesis in that only one strand of DNA, the template strand, is used to make mRNA."
RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA.
RNA synthesis proceeds in the 5' to 3' direction.
A characteristic feature of gene structure during transcription is that the template strand is used to synthesize mRNA.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the basics of the central dogma of molecular biology, including DNA replication, transcription, and translation. Explore the characteristics and process of DNA replication, and gain a better understanding of the fundamental concepts in medical genetics.