Central Dogma and Human Genome

What is the function of proteins?

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from ______ to ______ to ______.

What is the complete set of genetic material present in an organism called?

What percentage of the human genome is composed of protein-coding sequences (exons)?

What percentage of the human genome is composed of repetitive DNA?

What percentage of the human genome is composed of unique non-coding sequences?

What percentage of the human genome is composed of unique non-coding sequences associated with genes?

What percentage of the human genome is composed of unique non-coding sequences with unknown function?

An individual's collection of alleles is known as their ______.

A physical characteristic of an individual is known as their ______.

Regulatory sequences found immediately upstream of genes that help initiate transcription are known as ______.

What is the DNA sequence that encodes a protein or functional RNA product called?

What is the DNA sequence that does not encode a protein or a functional RNA product called?

What type of gene is expressed in eukaryotes, with a single gene per mRNA transcript?

What type of gene is expressed in prokaryotes, with multiple genes per mRNA transcript?

Prokaryotes have linear DNA.

Human nuclear DNA is circular.

How does the size of the prokaryotic genome compare to the size of the human nuclear genome?

Genes are ______ in the prokaryotic genome and ______ in the human nuclear genome.

What type of DNA molecule is used for horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

Human nuclear genome is packaged with histones.

The human mitochondrial genome is circular and packaged with histones.

What is the name for short repeat sequences that occur one after another (head-to-tail)?

What type of tandem repeat is found in centromeres and has a repeat length of 68-171 bp?

What type of tandem repeat is found in telomeres and has a repeat length of 6-64 bp?

What type of tandem repeat has a repeat length of 2-4 bp?

Which tandem repeats are highly variable in length and are used for DNA fingerprinting?

Longer repeat sequences that are distributed in different locations throughout the genome are known as ______.

Two types of interspersed repeats are ______ and ______.

What are Alu elements classified as?

What is the most abundant sequence in the human genome?

What is the significance of Alu elements?

The human genome has ______ pairs of homologous chromosomes.

The human genome has ______ pairs of autosomal chromosomes.

The human genome has ______ pair(s) of sex chromosomes.

Homologous chromosomes have the same gene order, but possibly different alleles.

Sister chromatids have the same gene order and identical DNA sequences.

The material which makes up chromosomes is known as ______.

The ends of chromosomes are known as ______.

What is the function of telomeres ?

What is the long arm of a chromosome called?

The region where sister chromatids connect is known as the ______.

The region in bacterial cells that contains the chromosome and is not enclosed by a membrane is called the ______.

Which technique separates molecules based on their size and charge?

In gel electrophoresis, negatively charged molecules move towards the anode.

What is the name of the enzymes that digest DNA by cleaving phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides?

What type of nuclease digests DNA from a free end?

What type of nuclease digests DNA at an internal site?

Restriction endonucleases cut DNA at specific ______.

Restriction sites usually consist of ______ sequences and have a length of 4, 6, or 8 bp or longer (even numbers only).

Hybridization refers to the annealing of a ______ of DNA to a ______ of ______ DNA molecule.

Stringency refers to:

What are DNA sequence variants that result in an alteration of a genomic restriction fragment called?

What are the three blotting methods?

Which blotting technique uses a DNA probe to detect specific DNA sequences?

Which blotting technique uses antibodies to detect specific proteins?

What type of inheritance pattern is sickle cell disease?

What is the specific mutation that causes sickle cell disease?

What are the 3 primary clinical features of sickle cell disease?

What are the four treatment/management strategies for sickle cell disease?

Sickle cell trait occurs in ______ of the sickle mutation.

Sickle cell trait is mostly symptomatic.

Under which conditions can sickle cell trait become symptomatic?

The cell cycle consists of ______, ______, ______, and ______ phases.

What is the purpose of the G1 phase?

The ploidy number (n) during the cell cycle is ______.

The value of DNA content number (c) during G1 phase is ______.

What happens to the DNA content number (c) during the S phase?

What happens to the DNA content number (c) during mitosis?

When entering mitosis from G2, the ploidy number (n) is ______ and the DNA content number (c) is ______.

Each homologous chromosome pair entering mitosis has one ______ and one ______ chromosome.

Each chromosome entering mitosis has two ______.

What happens during mitosis?

After mitosis, the ploidy number (n) is ______ and the DNA content number (c) is ______.

What is the end result of mitosis?

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Meiosis occurs only in the ______.