Cellular Respiration Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What process generates O2 and organic molecules used in cellular respiration?

  • Fermentation
  • Aerobic respiration
  • Anaerobic respiration
  • Photosynthesis (correct)

    • Fermentation occurs in the presence of oxygen.

    False

    What organic molecules are primarily used in cellular respiration to regenerate ATP?

    Sugars

    Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and ________.

    <p>O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process provides energy to cells by consuming organic molecules and other compounds aside from oxygen?

    <p>Anaerobic respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Photosynthesis = Generates O2 and organic molecules Fermentation = Partial degradation of sugars without O2 Aerobic respiration = Uses O2 to consume organic molecules Anaerobic respiration = Similar to aerobic but does not use O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells use ATP to power most cellular work.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What flows into an ecosystem as sunlight?

    <p>Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary fuel molecule that is often used to trace cellular respiration?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aerobic respiration does not involve oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to glucose during cellular respiration?

    <p>It is oxidized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized, and __________ is reduced.

    <p>O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which coenzyme acts as an electron acceptor during cellular respiration?

    <p>NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Oxidation = Loss of electrons Reduction = Gain of electrons NAD+ = Coenzyme that accepts electrons Electron transport chain = Series of steps that pass electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chemical reaction for cellular respiration can be summarized as __________ + __________ → __________ + __________ + Energy.

    <p>C6H12O6, O2, CO2, H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does OIL in the context of oxidation-reduction reactions stand for?

    <p>Oxidation Is Loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

    <p>1 FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolysis requires oxygen to proceed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The citric acid cycle produces ATP directly from the breakdown of pyruvate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?

    <p>4 ATP and 2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum ATP yield from one molecule of glucose through aerobic respiration is about ______ ATP.

    <p>30 or 32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of acetyl CoA in cellular respiration?

    <p>It links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their corresponding products:

    <p>Glycolysis = 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Pyruvate Oxidation = 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH Citric Acid Cycle = 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and about 2 ATP Oxidative Phosphorylation = About 26 or 28 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The citric acid cycle is also known as the _____ cycle.

    <p>Krebs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule directly enters the Citric Acid Cycle after pyruvate is oxidized?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following products of the citric acid cycle with their quantities per turn:

    <p>ATP = 1 NADH = 3 FADH2 = 1 CO2 = 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The oxidation of glucose is completed in the mitochondrion of eukaryotic cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules carries electrons to the electron transport chain?

    <p>FAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two electron carriers mentioned that transport electrons to the electron transport chain?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The citric acid cycle consists of nine steps, each facilitated by a specialized enzyme.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many turns does the citric acid cycle make per glucose molecule?

    <p>2 turns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obligate anaerobes can perform aerobic respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main final electron acceptor in fermentation?

    <p>An organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular respiration produces ______ ATP per glucose molecule.

    <p>32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of fermentation with its product:

    <p>Lactic Acid Fermentation = Used in cheese and yogurt production Alcoholic Fermentation = Used by yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about facultative anaerobes?

    <p>They can survive in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glycolysis is a process that evolved after the advent of significant atmospheric oxygen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two alternative catabolic routes that pyruvate can take in a facultative anaerobe?

    <p>Fermentation and Cellular Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary input that initiates the citric acid cycle?

    <p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    NADH is produced during the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two electron carriers mainly involved in ATP synthesis after glycolysis?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The compound _____ is regenerated at the end of the citric acid cycle.

    <p>Oxaloacetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the enzymes with their respective reactions in the citric acid cycle:

    <p>Citrate synthase = Condensation of Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate Isocitrate dehydrogenase = Conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase = Conversion of alpha-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA Succinate dehydrogenase = Conversion of succinate to fumarate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain after the citric acid cycle?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ATP is generated during the conversion of Succinate to Fumarate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does oxidative phosphorylation primarily occur?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of chemiosmosis couples electron transport to _____ synthesis.

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compounds with their roles in the citric acid cycle:

    <p>NAD+ = Electron carrier FAD = Produces FADH2 GTP = Energy currency similar to ATP CoA = Acoenzyme for acyl groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main outputs of the citric acid cycle?

    <p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isocitrate is the first molecule formed in the citric acid cycle.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one key difference between NADH and FADH2 in terms of energy production.

    <p>NADH produces more ATP than FADH2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the citric acid cycle, _____ acid is formed from the hydration of fumarate.

    <p>Malic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced when succinyl CoA is converted to succinate?

    <p>GTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Overview

    • Living cells require energy from external sources.
    • Organisms obtain energy by consuming plants or other organisms that consume plants.
    • Energy flows into ecosystems as sunlight and leaves as heat.
    • Photosynthesis produces oxygen and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration.
    • Cells utilize chemical energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP, the energy currency of cells, to power cellular work.

    Catabolic Pathways and ATP Production

    • Fermentation is a partial sugar breakdown occurring without oxygen.
    • Aerobic respiration utilizes organic molecules and oxygen to produce ATP.
    • Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration, but utilizes compounds other than oxygen.
    • Cellular respiration incorporates both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, but typically refers to aerobic respiration.
    • Glucose is often used to track cellular respiration— a molecule of C6H12O6 + 6 O2 yields 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy (ATP + heat).

    The Principle of Redox

    • Redox reactions involve electron transfer between reactants.
    • Oxidation occurs when a substance loses electrons.
    • Reduction occurs when a substance gains electrons; this reduces the amount of positive charge. -OIL RIG: Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain helps to remember.

    Oxidation of Organic Fuel Molecules During Cellular Respiration

    • During cellular respiration, the fuel (e.g., glucose) gets oxidized, and O2 is reduced.
    • The formula for glucose oxidation by cellular respiration is C6H12O6 + 602 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy.

    Stepwise Energy Harvest via NAD+ and the Electron Transport Chain

    • Glucose and organic molecules are broken down step-by-step in cellular respiration.
    • Electrons from organic compounds are initially transferred to NAD+ (a coenzyme).
    • NAD+ acts as an oxidizing agent in cellular respiration
    • NADH (reduced form of NAD+) contains stored chemical energy that helps synthesize ATP.
    • NADH transports electrons to the electron transport chain.
    • The electron transport chain releases energy from electrons step-by-step, unlike an uncontrolled reaction, to regenerate ATP.
    • O2 pulls electrons down the electron transport chain in an energy-yielding manner.

    The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview

    • Glucose breakdown involves three stages:
      • Glycolysis
      • The Citric Acid Cycle
      • Oxidative phosphorylation

    Glycolysis

    • Glycolysis breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules.
    • Glycolysis occurs whether or not oxygen is present.
    • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol and yields a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
    • Also produces 2 NADH and 2 Pyruvates.

    Transition Reaction Linking Glycolysis to the Citric Acid Cycle

    • Before entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate gets oxidized to acetyl CoA.
    • This conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.
    • Acetyl CoA has an important role in linking glycolysis and citric acid cycle.

    The Citric Acid Cycle

    • The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) completes the breakdown of pyruvate.
    • The cycle further oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
    • The cycle has eight steps catalyzed by specific enzymes.
    • The cycle also releases carbon dioxide.
    • The amount of ATP per turn of the cycle is 1, for two turns it becomes 2 ATP
    • There are also two NADH, and two FADH2 per turn, in total it will amount to 6 NADH and 2 FADH2, per glucose.

    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • This stage accounts for most of the ATP production in cellular respiration.
    • It involves electron transport and chemiosmosis.
    • Electron carriers, like NADH and FADH2, contribute electrons to the electron transport chain.
    • The electron transport chain pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient.
    • Chemiosmosis uses this gradient to generate ATP through ATP synthase.
    • The exact amount of ATP produced (typically 30-32 per glucose) varies depending on cellular conditions.

    Fermentation

    • Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen.
    • It is an anaerobic process that involves glycolysis coupled with reactions regenerating NAD+.
    • Two common types of fermentation are lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.

    Lactic Acid Fermentation

    • Pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid in lactic acid fermentation.
    • This process regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.
    • Lactic acid fermentation is used by some bacteria and fungi to make cheese and yogurt.
    • It is also used by human muscle cells when oxygen is scarce during intense exercise which causes lactic acid buildup in muscles.

    Alcoholic Fermentation

    • Pyruvate is converted into ethanol in two steps, releasing CO2, during alcoholic fermentation.
    • Alcoholic fermentation regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.
    • Yeast utilizes alcoholic fermentation in brewing, winemaking, and baking due to the production of ethanol and CO2.

    Comparing Fermentation and Aerobic Respiration

    • Glycolysis is the initial step in both fermentation and aerobic respiration.
    • NAD+ is the electron acceptor in both cases.
    • Alcoholic and lactic acid fermentations use a different final electron acceptor unlike aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen.
    • Aerobic respiration produces significantly more ATP compared to fermentation.

    Other Metabolic Pathways Involved in Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle

    • Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle also incorporate molecules from other macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

    Regulation of Cellular Respiration

    • Feedback mechanisms control cellular respiration's rate.
    • Enzyme concentrations control the flow of metabolic intermediates through cellular respiration.

    Calculating ATP

    • The actual number of ATP molecules produced during cellular respiration can range from 30-32 rather than 36.

    Cellular Respiration in Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

    • The location of cellular respiration differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which affects ATP yield. In prokaryotes it all happens in the cytosol, whereas it is separated in the mitochondria in eukaryotes making variations in the amount of ATP produced possible.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cellular respiration processes with this quiz. Understand the mechanisms behind ATP regeneration, the role of oxygen, and the involved organic molecules. Perfect for students studying biology or life sciences.

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