Lecture 17: Cellular Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What is the result of the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration?

Oxygen is oxidised to carbon dioxide

Glucose is reduced to carbon

Carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose

Glucose is oxidised to carbon (correct)

What is the role of other energy carriers in cellular respiration?

To synthesise hormones and cell membranes

To generate ATP directly from glucose

To reduce oxygen to water

To capture energy before ATP is generated (correct)

What is the primary function of ATP in cellular respiration?

To facilitate energy transfer between chemical reactions (correct)

To synthesize glucose from glycogen

To store energy for long periods of time

To break down proteins into peptides

What is the result of oxidation during cellular respiration?

Molecules lose electrons and hydrogen Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for the breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Anabolism builds molecules, while catabolism breaks them down Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of active transport that uses energy from cellular respiration?

Transport of molecules across cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of glucose catabolism in cellular respiration?

CO2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the reduced molecule during the breakdown of glucose in cellular respiration?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration?

To synthesize ATP from ADP Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the collection of all chemical reactions that occur in the body?

Metabolism Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy currency of the cell?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

How often is the ATP in a cell turned over?

Every 1-2 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of protein breakdown in cellular respiration?

Peptides Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

It is a good electron acceptor Signup and view all the answers

Which reaction occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP produced in glycolysis?

2 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the product of the intermediate reaction?

Acetyl CoA Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in the electron transport chain?

28-32 ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FADH2 in the electron transport chain?

It donates electrons to the electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

What is the byproduct of the electron transport chain?

Water Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of aerobic pathways over anaerobic pathways?

Aerobic pathways are more efficient at producing ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ATP synthase in the electron transport chain?

It generates ATP molecules Signup and view all the answers

What would be the effect of consuming a poison that inhibits ATP synthase?

Decreased ATP production Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration: the process of generating energy for the cell through the breakdown of glucose and other molecules
Involves many oxidation-reduction reactions, including the breakdown of glucose to CO2 and H2O

Energy Carriers

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): the energy currency of the cell, holding energy temporarily in covalent bonds between phosphates
ATP is generated in the presence (aerobic respiration) or absence (anaerobic respiration) of oxygen
~1 billion ATP molecules are in a cell at any one time, turned over every 1-2 minutes
At rest, we produce our body weight in ATP every day; at maximal exercise, this number can increase to 0.5-1kg per minute

Anabolism and Catabolism

Anabolism: the process of building molecules, such as the synthesis of glycogen from glucose
Catabolism: the process of breaking down molecules, such as the breakdown of proteins to peptides
Energy can be extracted from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

Cellular Respiration Pathways

Glycolysis: a series of 10 reactions in the cytosol that produces 2 pyruvate molecules from 1 glucose molecule, producing 4 ATP molecules (net 2 ATP)
Intermediate reaction: the process of pyruvate converting to Acetyl CoA, producing NADH and CO2
Krebs Cycle: a series of 8 reactions in the mitochondrial matrix, producing 2 CO2, 3 NADH, one FADH2, and one ATP
Electron Transport Chain: the process of electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 moving through protein complexes, generating ATP through the pumping of H+ and the formation of water

ATP Synthesis

ATP synthase harnesses potential energy to generate ATP by combining ADP and Pi
H+ are concentrated in the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient
Energy is harvested from the flow of H+ down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase

Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic pathways: more efficient at producing ATP, producing 28-34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Anaerobic pathways: less efficient, producing 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Glycolysis is faster but only produces net 2 ATP per glucose molecule, while the electron transport chain takes longer but produces 28-34 ATP molecules per glucose molecule

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Description

Learn about the processes of cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain. Understand the differences between anabolism and catabolism.