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Questions and Answers
What is the principal reason we need to breathe?
What is the principal reason we need to breathe?
Which phase of cellular respiration primarily involves the conversion of energy to ATP?
Which phase of cellular respiration primarily involves the conversion of energy to ATP?
Where does the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle primarily occur within the cell?
Where does the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle primarily occur within the cell?
What are the end products of complete oxidation of the acetyl group in the TCA cycle?
What are the end products of complete oxidation of the acetyl group in the TCA cycle?
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What process directly couples with the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
What process directly couples with the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
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Which type of work does ATP NOT directly support in the cell?
Which type of work does ATP NOT directly support in the cell?
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Which component of cellular respiration captures most of the energy from fuel oxidation?
Which component of cellular respiration captures most of the energy from fuel oxidation?
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What is a key outcome of glycolysis in terms of ATP production?
What is a key outcome of glycolysis in terms of ATP production?
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What is the primary fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen and mitochondria?
What is the primary fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen and mitochondria?
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In anaerobic glycolysis, how is NADH reoxidized?
In anaerobic glycolysis, how is NADH reoxidized?
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Which shuttle mechanism involves the formation and transportation of malate?
Which shuttle mechanism involves the formation and transportation of malate?
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What substance is produced when malate is oxidized in the mitochondrial matrix?
What substance is produced when malate is oxidized in the mitochondrial matrix?
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What happens to oxaloacetate once it is formed inside the mitochondria from malate?
What happens to oxaloacetate once it is formed inside the mitochondria from malate?
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What is the primary role of glycerol 3-phosphate in the glycerophosphate shuttle?
What is the primary role of glycerol 3-phosphate in the glycerophosphate shuttle?
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What is the approximate ATP yield from one mole of NADH entering the electron transport chain?
What is the approximate ATP yield from one mole of NADH entering the electron transport chain?
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Which tissues primarily rely on anaerobic glycolysis due to a lack of mitochondria or diminished blood flow?
Which tissues primarily rely on anaerobic glycolysis due to a lack of mitochondria or diminished blood flow?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is crucial for generating ATP in cells.
- It uses oxygen to oxidize fuels (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) to produce carbon dioxide and water.
- Over 90% of the oxygen consumed is used in this process.
Phases of Cellular Respiration
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Phase 1: The oxidation pathways of fuels (glucose, fatty acids, etc.) converge to produce acetyl CoA.
- The acetyl group is completely oxidized to CO2 in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
- Energy is collected mostly as NADH and FADH2.
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Phase 2: Oxidative phosphorylation converts the energy from fuel oxidation into high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP.
- Electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen via the electron transport chain (ETC).
- This process is coupled to ATP synthesis.
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Phase 3: High-energy phosphate bonds of ATP are used for various cellular processes, like muscle contraction and maintaining low intracellular sodium concentrations.
Location of Cellular Respiration
- Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration.
- Components of the electron transport chain (ETC) are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- The enzymes for the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation are within the mitochondrial matrix.
Glycolosis (Example)
- Glucose is a universal fuel for ATP generation in most cells.
- Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate.
- In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is further oxidized to acetyl CoA within mitochondria.
- This acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle.
- In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate for NADH reoxidation.
- In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is further oxidized to acetyl CoA within mitochondria.
- NADH produced during glycolysis can't directly enter the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.
- It's transferred indirectly via shuttles (e.g., malate-aspartate shuttle, glycerophosphate shuttle) to regenerate NAD+ in the cytosol.
Cellular Respiration Summary
- Fuels (glucose) are oxidized to generate ATP.
- Phases of cellular respiration involve the TCA cycle, ETC, and ATP synthesis.
- Mitochondria are the locations where this process occurs.
- NADH transfers electrons to the ETC, and ATP is synthesized.
- Different schemes like the malate-aspartate shuffle and the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle facilitate electron transfer.
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Description
Explore the key phases of cellular respiration, from the oxidation of fuels to the production of ATP. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and their roles in cellular processes. Test your knowledge on how cells generate energy efficiently.
