Cellular Respiration Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the principal reason we need to breathe?

  • To increase body temperature
  • To enhance the absorption of nutrients
  • To provide oxygen for ATP production (correct)
  • To expel carbon dioxide from the body

Which phase of cellular respiration primarily involves the conversion of energy to ATP?

  • Phase 1: Oxidation of fuels
  • Phase 2: Oxidative phosphorylation (correct)
  • Phase 4: Glycolysis
  • Phase 3: ATP utilization

Where does the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle primarily occur within the cell?

  • In the nucleus
  • In the mitochondria (correct)
  • In the endoplasmic reticulum
  • In the cytoplasm

What are the end products of complete oxidation of the acetyl group in the TCA cycle?

<p>CO2 and water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process directly couples with the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of work does ATP NOT directly support in the cell?

<p>Digestive work (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of cellular respiration captures most of the energy from fuel oxidation?

<p>NADH and FADH2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key outcome of glycolysis in terms of ATP production?

<p>Small amounts of ATP are produced via substrate-level phosphorylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fate of pyruvate in the presence of oxygen and mitochondria?

<p>It is oxidized to acetyl CoA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anaerobic glycolysis, how is NADH reoxidized?

<p>By converting pyruvate to lactate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which shuttle mechanism involves the formation and transportation of malate?

<p>Malate-aspartate shuttle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is produced when malate is oxidized in the mitochondrial matrix?

<p>Oxaloacetate. (A), NADH. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to oxaloacetate once it is formed inside the mitochondria from malate?

<p>It is converted to aspartate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glycerol 3-phosphate in the glycerophosphate shuttle?

<p>It transfers electrons to FAD. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate ATP yield from one mole of NADH entering the electron transport chain?

<p>3 moles of ATP. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissues primarily rely on anaerobic glycolysis due to a lack of mitochondria or diminished blood flow?

<p>Red blood cells and kidney medulla. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cellular Respiration

The process where cells use oxygen to generate ATP from fuel oxidation.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; a high-energy molecule used as the main energy currency of the cell

Phase 1 of Cellular Respiration

The initial stage of cellular respiration, where fuels like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are broken down to acetyl CoA.

TCA cycle

Tricarboxylic acid cycle; a series of reactions which completes oxidation of acetyl groups and produces NADH and FADH2.

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Phase 2 of Cellular Respiration

Oxidative phosphorylation; Converting fuel oxidation energy into ATP.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen.

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Mitochondria

Organelles where cellular respiration takes place.

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Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, a crucial step in cellular respiration.

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Fate of Pyruvate (Aerobic)

In the presence of oxygen and mitochondria, pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria and converted to Acetyl CoA via oxidative decarboxylation.

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NADH Reoxidation (Anaerobic)

NADH is reoxidized by converting pyruvate to lactate in anaerobic conditions.

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Malate-Aspartate Shuttle

Indirect transfer of cytosolic NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport chain, using malate as a carrier.

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Glycerolphosphate Shuttle

Another method for transferring cytosolic NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport chain, using glycerol-3-phosphate as a carrier.

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Cytosolic NADH Limitation

Cytosolic NADH cannot directly enter the mitochondrial electron transport chain; shuttles are necessary.

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Anaerobic Glycolysis Significance

Important for tissues lacking mitochondria or with reduced blood flow, despite lower ATP yield compared to aerobic respiration.

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Acetyl CoA

The major fuel for the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle.

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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

A series of protein complexes that use electrons from NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP.

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Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration is crucial for generating ATP in cells.
  • It uses oxygen to oxidize fuels (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) to produce carbon dioxide and water.
  • Over 90% of the oxygen consumed is used in this process.

Phases of Cellular Respiration

  • Phase 1: The oxidation pathways of fuels (glucose, fatty acids, etc.) converge to produce acetyl CoA.

    • The acetyl group is completely oxidized to CO2 in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
    • Energy is collected mostly as NADH and FADH2.
  • Phase 2: Oxidative phosphorylation converts the energy from fuel oxidation into high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP.

    • Electrons are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen via the electron transport chain (ETC).
    • This process is coupled to ATP synthesis.
  • Phase 3: High-energy phosphate bonds of ATP are used for various cellular processes, like muscle contraction and maintaining low intracellular sodium concentrations.

Location of Cellular Respiration

  • Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration.
  • Components of the electron transport chain (ETC) are located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
    • The enzymes for the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation are within the mitochondrial matrix.

Glycolosis (Example)

  • Glucose is a universal fuel for ATP generation in most cells.
  • Glycolysis is the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate.
    • In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is further oxidized to acetyl CoA within mitochondria.
      • This acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle.
    • In anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to lactate for NADH reoxidation.
  • NADH produced during glycolysis can't directly enter the electron transport chain in the mitochondria.
    • It's transferred indirectly via shuttles (e.g., malate-aspartate shuttle, glycerophosphate shuttle) to regenerate NAD+ in the cytosol.

Cellular Respiration Summary

  • Fuels (glucose) are oxidized to generate ATP.
  • Phases of cellular respiration involve the TCA cycle, ETC, and ATP synthesis.
  • Mitochondria are the locations where this process occurs.
  • NADH transfers electrons to the ETC, and ATP is synthesized.
  • Different schemes like the malate-aspartate shuffle and the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle facilitate electron transfer.

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Related Documents

Cellular Respiration PDF

Description

Explore the key phases of cellular respiration, from the oxidation of fuels to the production of ATP. This quiz covers essential concepts such as the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and their roles in cellular processes. Test your knowledge on how cells generate energy efficiently.

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