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What is the primary role of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
What is the primary role of glycolysis in cellular respiration?
Which process is responsible for generating the majority of ATP during cellular respiration?
Which process is responsible for generating the majority of ATP during cellular respiration?
Where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?
Where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?
What does the energy investment phase of glycolysis involve?
What does the energy investment phase of glycolysis involve?
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What is the outcome of one complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?
What is the outcome of one complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?
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What role does NAD+ play in glycolysis?
What role does NAD+ play in glycolysis?
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Which statement accurately describes oxidative phosphorylation?
Which statement accurately describes oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is the function of substrate-level phosphorylation?
What is the function of substrate-level phosphorylation?
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What occurs when an electron moves towards a more electronegative element?
What occurs when an electron moves towards a more electronegative element?
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What is the primary function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
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Which step is crucial for the oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration?
Which step is crucial for the oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration?
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How does the electron transport chain function within eukaryotic cells?
How does the electron transport chain function within eukaryotic cells?
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What is a result of moving electrons from NADH to oxygen?
What is a result of moving electrons from NADH to oxygen?
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What role do enzymes play during the digestion of sugars?
What role do enzymes play during the digestion of sugars?
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Which compounds are preferred for energy due to their structure?
Which compounds are preferred for energy due to their structure?
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What comparison illustrates the controlled release of energy from organic molecules?
What comparison illustrates the controlled release of energy from organic molecules?
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What role do the folds called cristae play in the electron transport chain?
What role do the folds called cristae play in the electron transport chain?
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Which molecule acts as a mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain?
Which molecule acts as a mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain?
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What does the electron transport chain primarily generate as a result of the redox reactions?
What does the electron transport chain primarily generate as a result of the redox reactions?
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What is the primary function of ATP synthase in the mitochondria?
What is the primary function of ATP synthase in the mitochondria?
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At which protein complex does FADH2 donate its electrons in the electron transport chain?
At which protein complex does FADH2 donate its electrons in the electron transport chain?
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What is the result of oxygen atoms accepting electrons in the electron transport chain?
What is the result of oxygen atoms accepting electrons in the electron transport chain?
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What is the process by which ATP is produced using the proton gradient in mitochondria called?
What is the process by which ATP is produced using the proton gradient in mitochondria called?
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How does the rotor portion of ATP synthase function in ATP synthesis?
How does the rotor portion of ATP synthase function in ATP synthesis?
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What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
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Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur?
Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur?
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What is produced during the transition from pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
What is produced during the transition from pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
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How many carbon atoms enter the citric acid cycle from one acetyl group?
How many carbon atoms enter the citric acid cycle from one acetyl group?
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What is produced for each acetyl group during the citric acid cycle?
What is produced for each acetyl group during the citric acid cycle?
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What role does FAD play in the citric acid cycle?
What role does FAD play in the citric acid cycle?
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What process couples electron transport to ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation?
What process couples electron transport to ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation?
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How is most ATP generated during cellular respiration after glycolysis?
How is most ATP generated during cellular respiration after glycolysis?
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What is the primary role of the proton motive force in mitochondria?
What is the primary role of the proton motive force in mitochondria?
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How many ATP are typically produced from one molecule of NADH?
How many ATP are typically produced from one molecule of NADH?
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Why does FADH2 yield less ATP compared to NADH?
Why does FADH2 yield less ATP compared to NADH?
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What is a possible result of the redox reactions in the electron transport chain (ETC)?
What is a possible result of the redox reactions in the electron transport chain (ETC)?
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How many protons (H+) are typically expelled from the mitochondrial matrix for every NADH molecule?
How many protons (H+) are typically expelled from the mitochondrial matrix for every NADH molecule?
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What is the ATP yield from substrate-level phosphorylation per glucose molecule?
What is the ATP yield from substrate-level phosphorylation per glucose molecule?
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What impacts the amount of ATP produced from NADH obtained in the cytosol?
What impacts the amount of ATP produced from NADH obtained in the cytosol?
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Which statement describes the relationship between proton ejection and ATP synthesis?
Which statement describes the relationship between proton ejection and ATP synthesis?
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What is the primary purpose of fermentation?
What is the primary purpose of fermentation?
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In alcoholic fermentation, which compound is produced from acetaldehyde?
In alcoholic fermentation, which compound is produced from acetaldehyde?
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What distinguishes lactic acid fermentation from alcoholic fermentation?
What distinguishes lactic acid fermentation from alcoholic fermentation?
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What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?
What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?
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Which type of organisms exclusively rely on fermentation for energy?
Which type of organisms exclusively rely on fermentation for energy?
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Which metabolic pathway is common to all living organisms and does not require oxygen?
Which metabolic pathway is common to all living organisms and does not require oxygen?
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How can proteins be utilized in cellular respiration when they are in excess?
How can proteins be utilized in cellular respiration when they are in excess?
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What is the main drawback of fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
What is the main drawback of fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Living cells require energy from external sources, converting it into usable forms like ATP. This energy cycle involves recycling chemical elements, such as in photosynthesis.
- Catabolic pathways break down complex organic molecules, releasing energy stored in their chemical bonds.
- Organic molecules possess potential energy due to electron arrangements, fueling exergonic reactions.
- Fermentation is an inefficient process that degrades sugars without oxygen. Aerobic respiration is more efficient, using oxygen as a reactant.
- Aerobic respiration combines organic fuels (like glucose) with oxygen to produce ATP, releasing CO2 and water as byproducts. This is an exergonic reaction (with a large, negative ΔG). Though spontaneous, it does not drive other processes directly.
- Redox reactions transfer electrons between molecules. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is their gain. The molecule losing electrons acts as the reducing agent; the one gaining them as the oxidizing agent.
Redox Reactions
- Redox reactions are crucial for electron transfer in cells.
- During oxidation, molecules lose electrons, while during reduction, they gain electrons.
- Oxidizing and reducing agents are involved in these reactions.
- Electrons moving towards a more electronegative element lose potential energy.
Cellular Respiration Stages
- Cellular respiration involves three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
- Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, breaking down glucose into pyruvate. It produces a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
- Pyruvate is then converted to acetyl CoA before entering the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix.
- The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl CoA, generating more NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
- Oxidative phosphorylation, consisting of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, generates the majority of ATP. It uses electron carriers (NADH, and FADH2) to pump protons out of the matrix and develop a proton-motive force. The H+ flow through ATP synthase creates ATP.
- The process of oxidative phosphorylation (ETC + Chemiosmosis) creates most of the ATP.
Fermentation
- Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
- Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate to lactate.
- Alcoholic fermentation converts pyruvate to ethanol and CO2.
Energy Yield
- Cellular respiration yields approximately 32-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
- Oxidative phosphorylation is the most efficient step.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of cellular respiration, including energy conversion processes, catabolic pathways, and the differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation. It explores the roles of organic molecules, redox reactions, and the overall efficiency of energy production in living cells.
