Cellular Respiration Overview
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What is the primary role of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

  • It prepares pyruvate for the citric acid cycle. (correct)
  • It generates ATP directly through oxidative phosphorylation.
  • It is the main site for electron transport.
  • It converts glucose into carbon dioxide and water.

    • Which process is responsible for generating the majority of ATP during cellular respiration?

  • Glycolysis
  • Substrate level phosphorylation
  • Oxidative phosphorylation (correct)
  • Citric acid cycle

    • Where does the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?

  • In the cytosol
  • In the plasma membrane
  • In the ribosomes
  • In the mitochondria (correct)

    • What does the energy investment phase of glycolysis involve?

    <p>Utilization of ATP to prepare glucose for breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of one complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose during cellular respiration?

    <p>38 ATP produced and oxygen consumed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does NAD+ play in glycolysis?

    <p>It is reduced to form NADH during the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>It involves electron transport and chemiosmosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of substrate-level phosphorylation?

    <p>It directly generates ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when an electron moves towards a more electronegative element?

    <p>It loses potential energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

    <p>Transporting electrons and protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is crucial for the oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration?

    <p>Removing hydrogens from glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the electron transport chain function within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>By utilizing proteins in the inner membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of moving electrons from NADH to oxygen?

    <p>Energy is released to create more ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do enzymes play during the digestion of sugars?

    <p>They lower the activation energy for digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compounds are preferred for energy due to their structure?

    <p>Compounds with many hydrogen atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What comparison illustrates the controlled release of energy from organic molecules?

    <p>Combining hydrogen and oxygen with a spark.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the folds called cristae play in the electron transport chain?

    <p>They increase surface area for reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule acts as a mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Ubiquinone (Q)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the electron transport chain primarily generate as a result of the redox reactions?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ATP synthase in the mitochondria?

    <p>Producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which protein complex does FADH2 donate its electrons in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Complex II</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxygen atoms accepting electrons in the electron transport chain?

    <p>Formation of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which ATP is produced using the proton gradient in mitochondria called?

    <p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the rotor portion of ATP synthase function in ATP synthesis?

    <p>By spinning from the attachment of protons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur?

    <p>In the mitochondria for eukaryotic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during the transition from pyruvate to acetyl CoA?

    <p>1 NADH and 1 CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many carbon atoms enter the citric acid cycle from one acetyl group?

    <p>2 carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced for each acetyl group during the citric acid cycle?

    <p>1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does FAD play in the citric acid cycle?

    <p>It carries protons and electrons to the ETC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process couples electron transport to ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>Chemiosmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is most ATP generated during cellular respiration after glycolysis?

    <p>By oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the proton motive force in mitochondria?

    <p>To drive ATP synthesis via ATP synthase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP are typically produced from one molecule of NADH?

    <p>3 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does FADH2 yield less ATP compared to NADH?

    <p>FADH2 donates electrons later in the ETC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible result of the redox reactions in the electron transport chain (ETC)?

    <p>Inconsistent ATP production yields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many protons (H+) are typically expelled from the mitochondrial matrix for every NADH molecule?

    <p>10 H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ATP yield from substrate-level phosphorylation per glucose molecule?

    <p>4 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impacts the amount of ATP produced from NADH obtained in the cytosol?

    <p>The transport molecule it interacts with</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the relationship between proton ejection and ATP synthesis?

    <p>Protons must re-enter the mitochondrial matrix to produce ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of fermentation?

    <p>To generate ATP and recycle NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In alcoholic fermentation, which compound is produced from acetaldehyde?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes lactic acid fermentation from alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation produces lactate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final electron acceptor in fermentation?

    <p>Acetaldehyde or an organic molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of organisms exclusively rely on fermentation for energy?

    <p>Obligate anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic pathway is common to all living organisms and does not require oxygen?

    <p>Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can proteins be utilized in cellular respiration when they are in excess?

    <p>Converted into amino acids and then intermediates of glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main drawback of fermentation compared to aerobic respiration?

    <p>Fermentation produces less energy from glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Respiration

    • Living cells require energy from external sources, converting it into usable forms like ATP. This energy cycle involves recycling chemical elements, such as in photosynthesis.
    • Catabolic pathways break down complex organic molecules, releasing energy stored in their chemical bonds.
    • Organic molecules possess potential energy due to electron arrangements, fueling exergonic reactions.
    • Fermentation is an inefficient process that degrades sugars without oxygen. Aerobic respiration is more efficient, using oxygen as a reactant.
    • Aerobic respiration combines organic fuels (like glucose) with oxygen to produce ATP, releasing CO2 and water as byproducts. This is an exergonic reaction (with a large, negative ΔG). Though spontaneous, it does not drive other processes directly.
    • Redox reactions transfer electrons between molecules. Oxidation is the loss of electrons, and reduction is their gain. The molecule losing electrons acts as the reducing agent; the one gaining them as the oxidizing agent.

    Redox Reactions

    • Redox reactions are crucial for electron transfer in cells.
    • During oxidation, molecules lose electrons, while during reduction, they gain electrons.
    • Oxidizing and reducing agents are involved in these reactions.
    • Electrons moving towards a more electronegative element lose potential energy.

    Cellular Respiration Stages

    • Cellular respiration involves three main stages: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
    • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol, breaking down glucose into pyruvate. It produces a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
    • Pyruvate is then converted to acetyl CoA before entering the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrial matrix.
    • The citric acid cycle further oxidizes acetyl CoA, generating more NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
    • Oxidative phosphorylation, consisting of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis, generates the majority of ATP. It uses electron carriers (NADH, and FADH2) to pump protons out of the matrix and develop a proton-motive force. The H+ flow through ATP synthase creates ATP.
    • The process of oxidative phosphorylation (ETC + Chemiosmosis) creates most of the ATP.

    Fermentation

    • Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
    • Lactic acid fermentation converts pyruvate to lactate.
    • Alcoholic fermentation converts pyruvate to ethanol and CO2.

    Energy Yield

    • Cellular respiration yields approximately 32-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
    • Oxidative phosphorylation is the most efficient step.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of cellular respiration, including energy conversion processes, catabolic pathways, and the differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation. It explores the roles of organic molecules, redox reactions, and the overall efficiency of energy production in living cells.

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