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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum yield of ATP molecules per molecule of glucose after glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
What is the maximum yield of ATP molecules per molecule of glucose after glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
Which of the following is produced when oxygen accepts electrons and protons during aerobic respiration?
Which of the following is produced when oxygen accepts electrons and protons during aerobic respiration?
In the process of cellular respiration, which part is primarily responsible for synthesizing most of the ATP?
In the process of cellular respiration, which part is primarily responsible for synthesizing most of the ATP?
Which process(es) produce carbon dioxide (CO2) among the following?
Which process(es) produce carbon dioxide (CO2) among the following?
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What role does cellular respiration play in relation to photosynthesis?
What role does cellular respiration play in relation to photosynthesis?
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Which reaction is applicable to aerobic respiration?
Which reaction is applicable to aerobic respiration?
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What is the main difference between the environments for Krebs cycle reactions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
What is the main difference between the environments for Krebs cycle reactions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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What is necessary for the reactions of aerobic respiration to occur?
What is necessary for the reactions of aerobic respiration to occur?
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How much more ATP does aerobic respiration produce compared to glycolysis alone?
How much more ATP does aerobic respiration produce compared to glycolysis alone?
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Where does pyruvic acid enter after glycolysis in aerobic respiration?
Where does pyruvic acid enter after glycolysis in aerobic respiration?
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What is the main energy currency of cells?
What is the main energy currency of cells?
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What is the fate of glucose if oxygen is absent during cellular respiration?
What is the fate of glucose if oxygen is absent during cellular respiration?
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How many NADH molecules are produced during two turns of the Krebs cycle?
How many NADH molecules are produced during two turns of the Krebs cycle?
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Which product is generated in the Krebs cycle?
Which product is generated in the Krebs cycle?
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In glycolysis, how many carbon molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose?
In glycolysis, how many carbon molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose?
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What is the total ATP produced from two turns of the Krebs cycle?
What is the total ATP produced from two turns of the Krebs cycle?
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What molecules provide the phosphate groups during the first step of glycolysis?
What molecules provide the phosphate groups during the first step of glycolysis?
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Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is converted into which molecule?
Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is converted into which molecule?
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Where do the reactions of glycolysis take place in the cell?
Where do the reactions of glycolysis take place in the cell?
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Which component is vital for the electron transport chain to function?
Which component is vital for the electron transport chain to function?
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Which pathway yields a larger amount of ATP during cellular respiration?
Which pathway yields a larger amount of ATP during cellular respiration?
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How many ATP can each FADH2 molecule generate in the electron transport chain?
How many ATP can each FADH2 molecule generate in the electron transport chain?
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What is produced alongside pyruvic acid during glycolysis?
What is produced alongside pyruvic acid during glycolysis?
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What is PGAL that is formed during glycolysis?
What is PGAL that is formed during glycolysis?
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What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
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What is the total potential yield of ATP from the complete aerobic respiration process?
What is the total potential yield of ATP from the complete aerobic respiration process?
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Which compound is produced during lactic acid fermentation?
Which compound is produced during lactic acid fermentation?
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What is the primary purpose of fermentation in the absence of oxygen?
What is the primary purpose of fermentation in the absence of oxygen?
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How many ATP molecules are produced directly during glycolysis?
How many ATP molecules are produced directly during glycolysis?
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Which step occurs after the oxidation of PGAL in glycolysis?
Which step occurs after the oxidation of PGAL in glycolysis?
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In which metabolic pathway are two pyruvic acids produced from glucose?
In which metabolic pathway are two pyruvic acids produced from glucose?
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What is the byproduct of lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells during intense exercise?
What is the byproduct of lactic acid fermentation in muscle cells during intense exercise?
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What happens to the phosphate groups added to the three-carbon compounds in glycolysis?
What happens to the phosphate groups added to the three-carbon compounds in glycolysis?
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Which of the following does not occur during glycolysis?
Which of the following does not occur during glycolysis?
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What molecule is formed when pyruvic acid reacts with coenzyme A?
What molecule is formed when pyruvic acid reacts with coenzyme A?
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Where does glycolysis occur in prokaryotic cells?
Where does glycolysis occur in prokaryotic cells?
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During the Krebs cycle, what is produced in each complete turn?
During the Krebs cycle, what is produced in each complete turn?
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How many carbon atoms are contained in acetyl coenzyme A?
How many carbon atoms are contained in acetyl coenzyme A?
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What type of respiration is characterized by the use of glycolysis followed by the Krebs cycle and ETC?
What type of respiration is characterized by the use of glycolysis followed by the Krebs cycle and ETC?
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In which part of the eukaryotic cell does the Krebs cycle occur?
In which part of the eukaryotic cell does the Krebs cycle occur?
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What is released as a waste product during the Krebs cycle?
What is released as a waste product during the Krebs cycle?
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How many NADH molecules are produced in total from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
How many NADH molecules are produced in total from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration breaks down complex organic compounds into simpler molecules to release energy
- Autotrophs (like plants) use photosynthesis to store light energy in carbohydrates
- Heterotrophs depend on organic compounds for energy
- ATP is the main energy currency of cells, produced by breaking down organic compounds
- Cellular respiration is a biochemical pathway, called glycolysis
- Glycolysis yields a small amount of ATP
- If oxygen is absent, glycolysis may enter fermentation pathways
- If oxygen is present, glycolysis enters aerobic respiration
- Aerobic respiration yields a larger amount of ATP compared to fermentation
- Fermentation pathways do not produce ATP
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis is a pathway where glucose, a six-carbon molecule, is oxidized to produce two pyruvic acid molecules (three carbons each)
- This process occurs in the cytosol of the cell
- It involves a series of reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes
- Glycolysis can be condensed into 4 main steps
Fermentation
- In the absence of oxygen, some cells can convert pyruvic acid into other compounds
- Two common fermentation pathways are lactic acid and alcoholic fermentations
Lactic Acid Fermentation
- Pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid
- Regenerates NAD+ to keep glycolysis going
- Important for muscle cells during strenuous exercise
Alcoholic Fermentation
- Pyruvic acid is converted to ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
- Important in bread making, using yeast
Aerobic Respiration
- Aerobic respiration does not undergo fermentation
- Pathways proceed when oxygen is available to produce a large amount of ATP
- Two major Stages: the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain
- The reactions of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur only if oxygen is present
The Krebs Cycle
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Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (eukaryotic cells) or the cytosol (prokaryotic)
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Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
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Three steps of release of CO2 molecules, creating a four-carbon compound
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Converted back to oxaloacetic acid in the final step
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FADH2 and NADH are produced during the cycle
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Two turns produce six NADH, two FADH2, two ATP, and four CO2 molecules.
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CO2 is a waste product.
Electron Transport Chain
- In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane, with folds called cristae
- In prokaryotes, it takes place across the cell membrane
- NADH and FADH2 supply electrons and protons to the chain
- Electrons are passed along the chain, pumping protons outside the mitochondrial matrix
- Protons return to the matrix through ATP synthase, releasing energy to synthesize ATP
- Oxygen accepts electrons and protons, forming water in the final step
Energy Yield
- Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle each produce 2 ATP molecules
- Each NADH molecule produces 3 ATP molecules, and each FADH2 produces 2 ATP molecules
- The total yield from aerobic respiration can be up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule
Cellular Respiration vs. Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen, which are reactants in respiration
- Respiration produces ATP, necessary for life processes, and the products of respiration (CO2 and water), are a reactant for photosynthesis
Important Questions and Answers
Q1: What are the three similarities between Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation?
- They are types of fermentation (anaerobic respiration)
- They do not require oxygen
- They take place in the cytosol of the cell
Q2: What are the three differences between Lactic acid and Alcoholic fermentations?
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Lactic acid takes place in bacteria and muscle cells
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Lactic acid produces lactic acid
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Lactic acid is used in the food industry to produce yogurt and cheese
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Alcoholic fermentation takes place in some plant cells, some bacteria and yeast.
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Alcoholic fermentation produces ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
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Alcoholic fermentation is used in the food industry to produce bread, alcohol, wine, and beer
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Description
Explore the processes of cellular respiration and glycolysis in this quiz. Understand the breakdown of organic compounds, ATP production, and the differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation. Test your knowledge of how energy is derived in living organisms.
