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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the annealing stage in the PCR process?
What is the primary purpose of the annealing stage in the PCR process?
Which component in the PCR master mix serves as the target for amplification?
Which component in the PCR master mix serves as the target for amplification?
What function does MgCl2 serve in the PCR master mix?
What function does MgCl2 serve in the PCR master mix?
What is a negative control in a PCR experiment?
What is a negative control in a PCR experiment?
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Which of the following is a common fluorescing dye used in gel electrophoresis?
Which of the following is a common fluorescing dye used in gel electrophoresis?
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How do smaller DNA fragments behave in gel electrophoresis compared to larger fragments?
How do smaller DNA fragments behave in gel electrophoresis compared to larger fragments?
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What is the main function of the buffer solution (TAE) in gel electrophoresis?
What is the main function of the buffer solution (TAE) in gel electrophoresis?
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Which stages of mitosis occur after the mitotic spindle is formed?
Which stages of mitosis occur after the mitotic spindle is formed?
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What is the correct chemical equation for cellular respiration?
What is the correct chemical equation for cellular respiration?
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What is one main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
What is one main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
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In which organelle does photosynthesis primarily take place?
In which organelle does photosynthesis primarily take place?
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What is the purpose of using phenol red in experiments related to cellular respiration?
What is the purpose of using phenol red in experiments related to cellular respiration?
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What is the primary function of a regulatory sequence in genetic modification?
What is the primary function of a regulatory sequence in genetic modification?
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Which piece of equipment is not typically used for DNA isolation?
Which piece of equipment is not typically used for DNA isolation?
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What is the difference between the supernatant and the pellet after centrifugation?
What is the difference between the supernatant and the pellet after centrifugation?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
- Cellular Respiration (CR): C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)
- Photosynthesis (PS): 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
- Aerobic: Requires oxygen; produces more ATP.
- Anaerobic: Does not require oxygen; produces less ATP (e.g., lactic acid fermentation).
Role of ATP
- ATP is the energy currency of the cell.
- Provides energy for cellular processes like muscle contraction, transport, and biosynthesis.
Organelles Critical for Respiration and Photosynthesis
- Mitochondria: Site of cellular respiration.
- Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis.
Experiments
-
Phenol Red Experiment:
- Used as a pH indicator to detect changes in CO2 levels.
- CO2 production during respiration makes the solution more acidic (color change).
-
Exercise and Cellular Respiration:
- Measured by monitoring changes in breathing rate or CO2 production during physical activity.
Role of Light in Photosynthesis
- Light provides energy to excite electrons in chlorophyll, driving the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)
- Created by introducing a foreign gene into an organism's genome.
- Regulatory sequences control the expression of the inserted gene.
DNA Isolation
- Steps involve grinding the sample, using Chelex, and centrifugation.
- Chemicals used include Chelex.
- Equipment includes centrifuges, pipettes, microtubes, thermocyclers, and vortexers.
- Supernatant contains the DNA; the pellet does not.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
- Amplifies specific DNA sequences.
-
Stages:
- Denaturation: High temperature (94°C) to separate DNA strands.
- Annealing: Cooler temperature (50-65°C) allowing primers to bind to complementary sequences.
- Extension: Slightly higher temperature (72°C) allowing Taq polymerase to extend the sequence.
- PCR Master Mix Components: Template DNA, primers, Taq polymerase, dNTPs, MgCl2.
Control Groups for PCR
- Negative Control: Contains no DNA, ensuring no contamination.
- Positive Control: Contains known target DNA, verifying PCR worked correctly.
Pros and Cons of GMOs
- Pros: Higher yields, pest resistance, enhanced nutrition.
- Cons: Environmental concerns, potential allergic reactions.
Stages of Mitosis and Cytokinesis
- Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
- Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm.
Garlic Root Observation
- Used for observing cell division (mitosis).
Gel Electrophoresis for GMO Analysis
- Gel Composition: Made of agarose.
- Fluorescing Dye: Ethidium bromide (EtBr) or GelGreen to visualize DNA under UV light.
- Submersion Solution: Buffer solution (TAE) maintains pH and conducts electricity.
- Equipment: Gel box, power supply, pipettes, UV transilluminator.
- DNA Fragment Movement: Negatively charged DNA fragments migrate towards the positive electrode; smaller fragments travel faster.
- Determining DNA Fragment Sizes: Compare the sample bands to a DNA ladder.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cellular respiration and photosynthesis with this quiz. Explore the differences between aerobic and anaerobic processes, the role of ATP, and the key organelles involved in these vital functions. Challenge yourself with questions based on experiments that demonstrate these concepts.
