Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

To break down carbohydrates into simpler molecules.

To synthesize proteins from amino acids using sunlight.

To convert glucose into ATP in the presence of oxygen.

To produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water using solar energy. (correct)

What compounds are produced by cellular respiration?

Oxygen and glucose.

Carbon dioxide and water. (correct)

Glucose and proteins.

Oxygen and carbohydrates.

Which process is classified as anabolic?

Cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis. (correct)

Protein catabolism.

ATP breakdown.

What is the primary energy molecule used by living organisms?

ATP. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pathway breaks down larger molecules?

Catabolic pathways. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

To act as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In the ATP-ADP cycle, what happens when a phosphate group is released from ATP?

ADP is formed with the release of energy. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What best describes oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions?

They involve the transfer of electrons and protons. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during oxidation?

A molecule loses electrons. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

To absorb light energy. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the chloroplast is primarily involved in the light-dependent reactions?

Thylakoid membranes (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does NADP+ become after accepting electrons and protons?

NADPH (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the Calvin-Benson Cycle, what molecule is used to bond carbon from CO2?

RuBP (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a waste product during the light-dependent reactions?

Oxygen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi using a proton gradient?

Chemiosmosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which pigment is primarily responsible for photosynthesis in most plants?

Chlorophyll (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the thylakoid lumen?

Space inside the thylakoid (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which event occurs during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

Water molecules are split. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the light-independent reactions?

Carbohydrates are synthesized. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do plants store the energy produced during photosynthesis?

As starch or cellulose (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are pigments arranged in within the thylakoid membrane called?

Clusters (C) Signup and view all the answers

During photosynthesis, renewal of chlorophyll allows for what result?

Increased energy capture. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Relationship

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are linked; the products of one are reactants for the other.
Photosynthesis is an anabolic process.
Cellular respiration is a catabolic process.

Photosynthesis Formula

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Cellular Respiration Formula

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP)

ATP Energy

ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate
Glucose is a high-energy carbohydrate.
ATP is a high-energy molecule that stores and releases energy for cellular processes.
The release of the last phosphate group of ATP and the formation of ADP + Pi forms a usable energy source.

ATP-ADP Process

(Diagram description is required to fill this in.)

ATP Uses

Transport across membranes against a concentration gradient
Organelle movement in the cytoplasm
Endocytosis/Exocytosis
Building new molecules
Muscle protein movement
Maintaining body temperature

Metabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways are series of interconnected chemical reactions.
Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.
Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in a living organism.

Anabolic vs. Catabolic Pathways

Anabolic pathways build complex molecules (e.g., photosynthesis).
Catabolic pathways break down complex molecules (e.g., cellular respiration).

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions involve oxidation and reduction.
Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
Reduction is the gain of electrons.
All matter has oxidation states.

Photosynthesis Examples

Oxidation of carbon dioxide to form glucose.

Cellular Respiration Example

Oxidation of glucose to form carbon dioxide.

The Chloroplast

Each photosynthetic cell contains numerous chloroplasts.

Chloroplast Structure

Thylakoids: sac-like membranes within the chloroplast; sites for light-dependent reactions.
Thylakoid membrane contains pigment clusters.
Thylakoid lumen: space inside the thylakoid.
Grana: stacks of thylakoids.
Stroma: fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids; site of the Calvin Cycle.

Pigments

Pigments are arranged in photosystems within the thylakoid membranes, necessary for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in most photosynthetic organisms; others can supplement it, and aid in capturing wavelengths of light.

Light Absorption and Photosynthesis

Spectrophotometer charts show the light absorption wavelengths of pigments in the spectrum or light to show the absorption spectrum.
An action spectrum shows the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light.

Photosynthesis Overview

Light-dependent reactions :capture light energy to produce ATP and NADPH (reduced NADP+).
Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) :use ATP and NADPH to assemble sugars.

Light-Dependent Reactions

Photosystem II (PSII): The first light-dependent process, where light excites chlorophylls, splits water molecules to release oxygen, and generates high-energy electrons.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC): A series of carriers that move electrons, releasing energy for ATP production.
Photosystem I (PSI): Light energizes electrons again, reducing NADP⁺ to NADPH..
ATP Synthase:Uses the proton gradient formed by the ETC to produce ATP.

Light-Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle

Carbon fixation: CO₂ is attached to RuBP.
Reduction: ATP and NADPH reduce three-carbon molecules (G3P).
Regeneration: some G3P molecules are rearranged to regenerate RuBP.
Glucose formation- Glucose is created from several reactions.

Overall:

Photosynthesis turns light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose using water and carbon dioxide as a source of electrons. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to release the stored energy as ATP, a readily available source for cell processes.

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Description

Explore the essential relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration in this quiz. Learn about the anabolic and catabolic processes, the key formulas involved, and the role of ATP in energy transfer within cells. Test your understanding of how these processes sustain life.