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Questions and Answers
Which statement accurately describes eukaryotic cells?
Which statement accurately describes eukaryotic cells?
- Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles. (correct)
- Eukaryotic cells normally divide by binary fission.
- Eukaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells have DNA that is condensed in the cytosol.
What is the primary method of cell division in prokaryotic cells?
What is the primary method of cell division in prokaryotic cells?
- Budding
- Meiosis
- Binary fission (correct)
- Mitosis
Who was the first person to use the term 'cell'?
Who was the first person to use the term 'cell'?
- Robert Hooke (correct)
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek
- Rudolf Virchow
- Louis Pasteur
Which feature distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
Which feature distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?
What term describes the theory that cells arise only from pre-existing cells?
What term describes the theory that cells arise only from pre-existing cells?
What is the primary function of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?
What is the primary function of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)?
Which process involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Which process involves the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
How does diffusion occur in biological systems?
How does diffusion occur in biological systems?
Which statement about tonicity is accurate?
Which statement about tonicity is accurate?
What type of molecules primarily move during simple diffusion?
What type of molecules primarily move during simple diffusion?
Which mechanism is used to move materials out of the cell?
Which mechanism is used to move materials out of the cell?
Which statement about osmosis is true?
Which statement about osmosis is true?
What factors influence the speed of diffusion?
What factors influence the speed of diffusion?
What is the role of oxytocin release during birth?
What is the role of oxytocin release during birth?
What is homeostatic imbalance primarily associated with?
What is homeostatic imbalance primarily associated with?
How do aging bodies typically respond in terms of homeostasis?
How do aging bodies typically respond in terms of homeostasis?
What can lead to destructive positive feedback mechanisms taking over?
What can lead to destructive positive feedback mechanisms taking over?
In which of the following conditions is homeostatic imbalance reflected?
In which of the following conditions is homeostatic imbalance reflected?
What is the primary function of lysosomal enzymes?
What is the primary function of lysosomal enzymes?
Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis?
Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis?
What occurs to lysosomal membranes when a cell is injured?
What occurs to lysosomal membranes when a cell is injured?
What is one function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is one function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
In which type of cells is the rough endoplasmic reticulum particularly abundant?
In which type of cells is the rough endoplasmic reticulum particularly abundant?
Which of the following correctly describes the smooth endoplasmic reticulum's major functions?
Which of the following correctly describes the smooth endoplasmic reticulum's major functions?
During muscle contraction, what specific role does the sarcoplasmic reticulum perform?
During muscle contraction, what specific role does the sarcoplasmic reticulum perform?
What are cisterns in the context of the endoplasmic reticulum?
What are cisterns in the context of the endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary function of melanocytes?
What is the primary function of melanocytes?
Which pigment contributes to the yellowish-tan color observed in the skin of Asians?
Which pigment contributes to the yellowish-tan color observed in the skin of Asians?
What skin condition is characterized by the absence of melanin?
What skin condition is characterized by the absence of melanin?
What factors influence skin color and variations?
What factors influence skin color and variations?
How does a person’s age affect wrinkles in the face?
How does a person’s age affect wrinkles in the face?
What are Langer lines important for in surgical procedures?
What are Langer lines important for in surgical procedures?
What is produced by melanocytes in individuals with darker skin compared to those with lighter skin?
What is produced by melanocytes in individuals with darker skin compared to those with lighter skin?
What contributes to the pinkish tone of the skin?
What contributes to the pinkish tone of the skin?
Study Notes
Cellular Processes and Structures
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) serves as the energy currency of cells, required for energy-consuming processes.
- Endocytosis involves the transport of substances, like food products, into the cell.
- Exocytosis is the process of moving waste or cell products out of the cell.
- Simple diffusion allows small particles to cross a selectively permeable membrane until equilibrium is reached, moving from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis specifically refers to the diffusion of water across a membrane, affecting internal water volumes of cells.
Tonicity and Homeostasis
- Tonicity describes a solution's ability to alter a cell's shape by changing its internal water volume.
- Osmolarity and tonicity are distinct but related concepts.
- Homeostasis maintains stable internal conditions; imbalances can lead to diseases and increased illness risk.
- Aging affects homeostatic efficiency, leading to instability in the body's internal environment.
Cell Biology Fundamentals
- Human bodies consist of 50 to 100 trillion cells with over 250 different cell types, all encapsulated in microscopic packages.
- Cell division occurs mainly through mitosis, resulting in two identical nuclei.
- Prokaryotes, including Eubacteria and Archeabacteria, lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, existing primarily as simple cells.
Organelles and Functions
- Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes for breaking down macromolecules and cellular debris.
- The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of rough ER, studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis, and smooth ER, responsible for lipid metabolism and detoxification.
Skin Color and Characteristics
- Skin color variations arise from several factors: pigments (e.g., melanin), genetics, and the thickness of the stratum corneum.
- Melanocytes produce melanin, with darker-skinned individuals having more active melanin production than lighter-skinned individuals.
- Freckles are localized accumulations of melanin, while albinism is characterized by an absence of melanin.
Unique Skin Features
- Langer lines (cleavage lines) indicate the orientation of collagen fibers in the skin, important for surgical incisions to support better healing.
- Fingerprints, or friction ridges, are unique patterns found on the palms and soles, contributing to tactile sensation and grip.
Hormonal Regulation
- Oxytocin influences reproductive functions, with contractions in females and ejaculation in males.
- Homeostasis is disrupted when negative feedback mechanisms fail, leading to potentially harmful positive feedback scenarios.
Aging and Disease
- Aging impairs the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis, making it more susceptible to diseases.
- Specific phenomena such as heart failure can exemplify the consequences of homeostatic imbalance.
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