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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of geriatrics?
What is the definition of geriatrics?
- The process of becoming older, particularly applies to humans but can also apply to other animals
- The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and problems specific to the aged (correct)
- The decline of fitness components of an individual with increasing age, owing to internal deterioration
- The study of the biology of ageing and longevity
According to Hippocrates' system of four-humours, what was the consequence of old age?
According to Hippocrates' system of four-humours, what was the consequence of old age?
- Slow increase in dryness and coldness of the body
- Ageing was due to changes in body humours
- Gradual consumption of 'innate heat and inevitable loss of body moisture' (correct)
- Changes in body humours that began in early life
What is the definition of biogerontology?
What is the definition of biogerontology?
- The study of the biology of ageing and longevity (correct)
- The process of becoming older, particularly applies to humans but can also apply to other animals
- The decline of fitness components of an individual with increasing age, owing to internal deterioration
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What did Galen believe was the cause of ageing?
What did Galen believe was the cause of ageing?
What is the main cause of ageing according to the 'Wear and Tear' theory?
What is the main cause of ageing according to the 'Wear and Tear' theory?
What phenomenon is characterized by the cessation of cell division?
What phenomenon is characterized by the cessation of cell division?
What is the function of telomeres in human chromosomes?
What is the function of telomeres in human chromosomes?
What is the role of telomerase in human cells?
What is the role of telomerase in human cells?
Why would enhancing telomerase levels be viewed as a positive statement in Parkinson's disease and not in cancer?
Why would enhancing telomerase levels be viewed as a positive statement in Parkinson's disease and not in cancer?
Which physiological change is characteristic of 'normal' ageing and is NOT disease-related?
Which physiological change is characteristic of 'normal' ageing and is NOT disease-related?
What is the main purpose of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in menopause?
What is the main purpose of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in menopause?
What is the average age at which menopause occurs?
What is the average age at which menopause occurs?
Which symptoms are associated with perimenopause?
Which symptoms are associated with perimenopause?
What is the most widely used and effective treatment for menopause?
What is the most widely used and effective treatment for menopause?
What does an active lifestyle result in, in terms of ageing?
What does an active lifestyle result in, in terms of ageing?
How is homeostatic response altered in ageing?
How is homeostatic response altered in ageing?
What is the major contributor to disability in older people, increasing fall risk and vulnerability to injury?
What is the major contributor to disability in older people, increasing fall risk and vulnerability to injury?
Which type of tissue is responsible for voluntary movement and experiences muscular atrophy in injury and ageing?
Which type of tissue is responsible for voluntary movement and experiences muscular atrophy in injury and ageing?
What are the primary treatment approaches for sarcopenia?
What are the primary treatment approaches for sarcopenia?
Which of the following are skin changes in ageing?
Which of the following are skin changes in ageing?
What are the eye changes in ageing that lead to visual impairments?
What are the eye changes in ageing that lead to visual impairments?
What is attributed to causing hearing loss in ageing?
What is attributed to causing hearing loss in ageing?
What is prevalent in older people, with ageing affecting absorption and metabolism of foods, vitamins, and medications?
What is prevalent in older people, with ageing affecting absorption and metabolism of foods, vitamins, and medications?
What becomes more prevalent with increasing age, and is treated with proton-pump inhibitors?
What becomes more prevalent with increasing age, and is treated with proton-pump inhibitors?
What has been discovered to play a major role in causing many peptic ulcers, now treated with antibiotics in combination with PPIs?
What has been discovered to play a major role in causing many peptic ulcers, now treated with antibiotics in combination with PPIs?
What aspects of the human body does the ageing process impact, leading to age-associated conditions such as macular degeneration, hearing loss, and GI tract disorders?
What aspects of the human body does the ageing process impact, leading to age-associated conditions such as macular degeneration, hearing loss, and GI tract disorders?
Which type of tissue undergoes changes in ageing including decreased collagen solubility and increased rigidity?
Which type of tissue undergoes changes in ageing including decreased collagen solubility and increased rigidity?
What are advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formed in ageing primarily responsible for?
What are advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formed in ageing primarily responsible for?
Which part of the brain is responsible for information processing and is folded into sulci and gyri?
Which part of the brain is responsible for information processing and is folded into sulci and gyri?
How many lobes is the cerebral cortex divided into?
How many lobes is the cerebral cortex divided into?
What are the basic signaling units of the nervous system?
What are the basic signaling units of the nervous system?
What kind of changes does the ageing brain experience in molecules, cells, vasculature, and gross morphology?
What kind of changes does the ageing brain experience in molecules, cells, vasculature, and gross morphology?
Which type of diseases are not a direct consequence of ageing, but the ageing brain becomes more susceptible to them?
Which type of diseases are not a direct consequence of ageing, but the ageing brain becomes more susceptible to them?
Why may proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases become more harmful to the ageing brain?
Why may proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases become more harmful to the ageing brain?
What may lead to decreased intestinal barrier function in the ageing process?
What may lead to decreased intestinal barrier function in the ageing process?
What does the ageing brain show compensatory changes in to help re-establish synaptic connections lost from cell death?
What does the ageing brain show compensatory changes in to help re-establish synaptic connections lost from cell death?
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Study Notes
Cellular Organisation and Ageing: Tissue Types and Brain Structure
- There are four main types of tissue: connective, epithelial, neural/neuronal, and muscle, all of which undergo changes in the ageing process.
- Connective tissue connects, supports, and separates other tissues and organs, and it undergoes changes in ageing, including decreased collagen solubility and increased rigidity.
- Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) formed in ageing lead to tissue stiffening, particularly in collagen tissues.
- Epithelial tissue plays a fundamental role in establishing tissue barriers and undergoes changes in ageing, impacting organ function.
- The brain is comprised of the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, with the cerebral cortex being the largest part responsible for information processing and folded into sulci and gyri.
- The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal, each with specific functions.
- Neurons are the basic signaling units of the nervous system and have specialized connections called synapses for chemical communication.
- The ageing brain experiences changes in molecules, cells, vasculature, and gross morphology, leading to atrophic changes, volume decline, and the development of white matter lesions.
- Age-related diseases of the brain, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, are not a direct consequence of ageing, but ageing makes the neuronal tissue more susceptible to these diseases.
- Proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases may become more harmful to the ageing brain due to the changes in the ageing process.
- The ageing process may lead to decreased intestinal barrier function, impacting the absorption of certain nutrients and causing systemic inflammation.
- The ageing brain shows compensatory changes in dendritic arbour, spines, and synapses to help re-establish synaptic connections lost from cell death.
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