Questions and Answers
What are lysosomes?
What is the function of mitochondria?
Generating ATP via protons flowing through ATP synthase
What do endosomes do?
Transport, package, and sort cell material
What is the main function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?
Signup and view all the answers
What are microfilaments made of?
Signup and view all the answers
What do microtubules do?
Signup and view all the answers
What do intermediate filaments contribute to the cell?
Signup and view all the answers
Facultative anaerobes can only live in the presence of oxygen.
Signup and view all the answers
Gram-positive bacteria appear pink when stained.
Signup and view all the answers
What are plasmids?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the methods of genetic recombination in bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a vector in genetics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is an Hfr strain?
Signup and view all the answers
What are transposons?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the stages of the viral life cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the lytic cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the lysogenic cycle?
Signup and view all the answers
What are prions?
Signup and view all the answers
What are episomes?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cellular Organelles and Structures
- Lysosomes: Membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes for substrate breakdown; involved in autolysis leading to apoptosis.
- Mitochondria: Site of ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation; semi-autonomous and capable of self-replication; release enzymes that can induce apoptosis.
- Endosomes: Function in transporting, packaging, and sorting cellular material; can direct vesicles to lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, or the cell membrane.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxifying drugs; also transports proteins to the Golgi.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and sorts cellular products received from the ER; adds signal sequences for directed delivery; can send products to lysosomes.
Cytoskeletal Components
- Microfilaments: Composed of actin; provide structural support and are involved in muscle contraction and cytokinesis.
- Microtubules: Hollow structures made of tubulin; essential for intracellular transport via kinesin and dynein; form cilia, flagella, centrioles, and spindle fibers.
- Intermediate Filaments: Provide tensile strength; include keratin and desmin; contribute to cell integrity and organelle anchoring.
Bacterial Physiology
- Facultative Anaerobes: Organisms capable of surviving in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments.
- Aerotolerant Anaerobes: Grow in the presence of oxygen but do not utilize it.
- Gram-Positive Bacteria: Appear purple; have a thick peptidoglycan layer; provide protection against host immune responses and contain lipoteichoic acid.
- Gram-Negative Bacteria: Appear pink; possess thin cell walls with lipopolysaccharides, provoking a stronger immune response.
Genetic Elements in Bacteria
- Plasmids: Circular DNA structures that confer advantages such as antibiotic resistance; not essential for survival.
- Genetic Recombination: Occurs through processes such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction, often requiring a vector.
- Vectors: Viruses that transfer genetic material between bacteria.
- Hfr Strains: Characterized by high-frequency recombination; incomplete transfer of genetic material occurs due to the breaking of the sex pilus bridge.
- Transposons: Genetic elements capable of moving within the genome, facilitating genetic diversity.
Viral Biology
- Viral Life Cycle: Involves infection, translation/assembly of progeny, and release of new virions.
- Lytic Cycle: Results in viral replication and host cell destruction; classified as a virulent cycle.
- Lysogenic Cycle: Viral DNA integrates into the host genome, replicating with the host’s DNA without destroying the cell.
Other Notable Entities
- Prions: Infectious proteins that can induce misfolding of other proteins.
- Episomes: Specialized plasmids that can integrate into the host genome, including elements like transposons and certain viral factors.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the various cellular organelles and their functions, including lysosomes, mitochondria, endosomes, and the Golgi apparatus. This quiz covers essential topics related to cellular structures and the cytoskeletal components that help maintain cell integrity.
