Cellular Organelles Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the approximate number of cells in a person's body?

100 trillion or 1 x 10^14 cells

How many different cell types are there in mammals?

About 200

What is the average size of cells?

Approximately 0.002 cm or 20 um

What are the four primary elements that form biomolecules in cells?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What are the major organic compounds found in cells?

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for packaging proteins in vesicles for excretion from the cell or for use within the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are rough ER and smooth ER. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

The function of lysosomes is to digest food or cellular invaders, recycle cellular components, and initiate cell suicide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mitochondria?

The function of mitochondria is to generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Ribosomes are the protein synthetic machinery in the cell. They synthesize proteins using the information encoded in mRNA molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of nucleic acids that are important for human metabolism?

DNA and RNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

RNA is a single strand structure, DNA is a double strand structure. RNA contains ribose, DNA contains deoxyribose. RNA has uracil paired with adenine in its base, DNA has thymine paired with adenine in its base. RNA is much shorter compared to the long DNA chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

mRNA encodes amino acid sequences of a polypeptide. Signup and view all the answers

What is the flow of information from nucleic acids to protein?

DNA -> mRNA -> tRNA -> rRNA -> protein Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main components of a cell?

Cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis is the division of somatic cells resulting in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis is the division of germ cells resulting in four unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ploidy of haploid cells?

Haploid cells have one copy of each chromosome and are designated as 'n'. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ploidy of diploid cells?

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (two of each chromosome) and are designated as '2n'. Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are donated by each parent during fertilization in humans?

Each parent donates 23 chromosomes, resulting in a total of 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of meiosis?

The purpose of meiosis is to produce sex cells (gametes) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, allowing for genetic variation and the formation of unique offspring during fertilization. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Overview

Human bodies consist of approximately 100 trillion cells, equating to 1 x 10^14.
Around 200 different types of cells exist in mammals.
Average cell size is about 0.002 cm (20 μm) across, allowing about 1250 cells to fit shoulder-to-shoulder in an inch.

Cell Composition

Cells are primarily composed of protoplasm, essential for metabolism, food processing, and waste elimination.
Protoplasm consists of both organic compounds (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen) and inorganic materials (non-carbon containing).

Key Elements in Cells

Major elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.
Essential organic compounds formed from these elements include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Water is the most important inorganic compound and serves multiple roles including regulation of body temperature, acting as a solvent, and transportation of substances.

Organic Compounds in Cells

Proteins: Comprise 15% of cell content and are formed from amino acids. Functions include structural support, energy source, and enzymatic activity.
Carbohydrates: Primarily serve as short-term energy sources.
Lipids: Include fatty acids and serve as structural components and energy reserves.
Nucleic Acids: Play a critical role in genetic information storage and protein synthesis (DNA, RNA).

Nucleic Acids

DNA: Double-stranded, carries genetic information. Composed of nitrogen bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T).
RNA: Single-stranded and includes bases uracil (U) instead of thymine. Types include:
- mRNA: Messenger RNA that encodes amino acids.
- tRNA: Transfer RNA that ferries amino acids to ribosomes.
- rRNA: Ribosomal RNA that forms ribosomes and aids in protein synthesis.

Cellular Structures

Cell Membrane: Lipid and protein-based barrier controlling material passage.
Nucleus: Contains chromosomes, serves as a control center, surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores for material exchange.
Cytoplasm: Protoplasm outside the nucleus involved in building new substances and breaking down materials for energy.

Organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Network for transport and synthesis of proteins (Rough ER) and lipids (Smooth ER), with detoxification roles in the liver.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or internal use; forms lysosomes for digestion.
Mitochondria: Powerhouses of the cell, site for energy (ATP) production; possess their own DNA and ribosomes.
Lysosomes: Digestive organelles that break down waste and recycle cellular components.
Ribosomes: Protein synthesis machinery composed of rRNA and proteins, located freely in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER.
Centrosomes: Organize microtubules during cell division, containing centrioles that aid in chromosomal movements.

Cell Division

Mitosis: Division of somatic cells creating two genetically identical daughter cells, maintaining chromosome number.
Meiosis: Division of germ cells resulting in four unique daughter cells with half the chromosome number.

Mitosis Phases

Prophase: Chromatin condenses, spindle fibers form.
Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator.
Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
Telophase: Nuclear membranes form around separated chromosomes, followed by cytokinesis.

Meiosis Overview

Involves two nuclear divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II, resulting in four haploid cells.
Introduces genetic variation through independent assortment and recombination.

Genetic Terminology

Ploidy: Number of sets of chromosomes: haploid (n) for gametes, diploid (2n) for somatic cells.
Fertilization combines maternal and paternal chromosomes to form a diploid zygote.

Genetic Variation

Meiosis shuffles genes, resulting in genetically diverse gametes.
Produces unique offspring through the fusion of haploid gametes during fertilization.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the essential cytoplasmic organelles involved in cellular functions such as energy production, packaging, and waste elimination. Identify the correct organelles from multiple-choice options and enhance your understanding of cell organization.