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Questions and Answers
What are the two potential outcomes of cellular injury?
Which of the following is NOT a category of cell injury causes?
Which physical agent can lead to tissue and organelle damage at high temperatures?
What effect does cold exposure have on blood vessels?
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Which of the following factors influences the extent of tissue injury from electrical forces?
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Which of the following is primarily responsible for the immediate killing of cells due to ionizing radiation?
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What characteristic of ionizing radiation affects the differential sensitivity of tissues to radiation injury?
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What type of radiation is responsible for causing sunburn and increasing the risk of skin cancers?
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Which substance is known to become highly reactive and toxic to liver cells after metabolic transformation?
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What is one of the primary effects of nonionizing radiation on cells?
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Study Notes
Cellular Injury Overview
- Cellular injury results from various injurious events or substances; can be reversible or irreversible.
- Extent of injury correlates with intensity and duration of exposure.
Causes of Cell Injury
- Categorized into five main types:
- Injury from physical agents
- Radiation injury
- Chemical injury
- Injury from biologic agents
- Injury from nutritional imbalances
Injury from Physical Agents
- Mechanical forces can tear tissue, fracture bones, and disrupt blood vessels.
- Temperature extremes affect cell function:
- Heat (43ºC to 46ºC) leads to vascular injury and membrane disruption.
- Intense heat leads to coagulation of blood vessels and tissue proteins.
- Cold exposure increases blood viscosity and causes hypoxic tissue injury.
- Electrical forces cause extensive tissue damage, disrupting neural and cardiac impulses.
- Severity influenced by voltage, current type, amperage, tissue resistance, and exposure duration.
Radiation Injury
- Ionizing radiation causes ionization of molecules, leading to cell death, replication interruption, or genetic mutations.
- Sensitivity varies by tissue type; rapidly dividing cells (bone marrow, intestine) are more vulnerable.
- Clinical manifestations stem from acute cell injury and dose-dependent changes in blood vessels.
- Ultraviolet (UV) radiation disrupts intracellular bonds, leading to sunburn and skin cancer risk, primarily through reactive oxygen species.
- Nonionizing radiation affects atoms through vibrations and rotations.
Chemical Injury
- Chemicals injure cell membranes, block enzymatic functions, and disrupt osmotic balance.
- Strong acids and bases can directly destroy cells.
- Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is metabolized by the liver into toxic free radicals, damaging liver cells.
- Various drugs (alc., prescription, OTC) can damage tissues—ethyl alcohol affects multiple organs.
- Acetaminophen can lead to liver necrosis when detoxification pathways are overwhelmed.
Injury from Biologic Agents
- Biologic agents can replicate and exert prolonged injurious effects.
- Viruses incorporate into DNA, disrupting cellular function.
- Bacteria can release exotoxins that hinder ATP production or endotoxins that increase capillary permeability.
Injury from Nutritional Imbalances
- Both excesses and deficiencies can predispose cells to injury.
- Diets high in saturated fats increase atherosclerosis risk; obesity is a contributing factor.
- Essential organic and inorganic substances must be consumed in varying amounts.
- Deficiencies may occur due to starvation or specific nutrient lack, leading to conditions like anemia, scurvy, and beriberi.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential concepts related to cellular injury, including its causes and types. It explores various injurious events or substances that can affect cells, both reversibly and irreversibly. Test your knowledge on the physical, chemical, biological, and nutritional factors leading to cellular damage.
