Cellular Injury Concepts

• Anaphase involves centromeres splitting, leading to the separation of sister chromatids.
• Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that does not cause inflammatory changes.
• Asphyxial injuries result from cells failing to receive or utilize oxygen.
• Atrophy refers to a decrease in cell size, which can be either physiologic or pathologic.
• Blast injuries are caused by rapid changes in atmospheric pressure.
• Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas that diminishes blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.
• Caseous necrosis, often associated with tuberculous pulmonary infection, results in a soft, cheese-like substance.
• The clotting system is a plasma protein system that facilitates blood clot formation at injury or inflammation sites.
• Coagulative necrosis is due to severe ischemia or chemical injury, causing protein degeneration.
• The complement system is a plasma protein system that destroys pathogens and enhances the immune response.
• Connective tissue binds, supports, and stores nutrients for tissues and organs.
• Decompression sickness results from sudden pressure decreases and can lead to gas emboli.
• Diffusion is the movement of solute molecules from high to low concentration areas.
• DNA is the genetic material coding for all the body's proteins.
• A dominant allele has observable effects when present.
• Dominant inheritance means observable effects occur with a dominant gene.
• Dysplasia involves abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells.
• Edema is an excessive accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces.
• Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and functions in protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion.
• Ethanol, an alcohol, depresses the CNS and can damage the liver.
• Fat necrosis is due to enzymatic fat breakdown, resulting in a chalky, white appearance.
• Filtration is the movement of water and solutes through a membrane from high to low pushing pressure.
• The first line of defense consists of physical and biochemical barriers against infection.
• Free radicals are reactive species that cause oxidative stress, damaging lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Genetic disorders arise from genetic factors altering cell structure or function.
• High altitude sickness results from exposure to high altitudes, leading to cerebral or pulmonary edema.
• Hypercalcemia is high serum calcium, causing weakness, kidney stones, and cardiac issues.
• Hyperkalemia is high potassium, causing muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias.
• Hypermagnesemia is high magnesium, causing muscle weakness and respiratory depression.
• Hypernatremia is high sodium, causing weakness, confusion, and seizures.
• Hyperphosphatemia is high phosphate, causing soft tissue calcification.
• Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue and can be physiologic or pathologic.
• Hyperthermia is an uncontrolled increase in body temperature that can cause organ damage.
• Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size that can be physiologic or pathologic.
• Hypocalcemia is low serum calcium, leading to muscle irritability and cardiac dysrhythmias.
• Hypochloremia is low chloride, potentially occurring with hyponatremia or metabolic alkalosis.
• Hypokalemia is low potassium, resulting in muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.
• Hypomagnesemia is low magnesium, leading to muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias.
• Hyponatremia is low sodium, causing nausea, confusion, and seizures.
• Hypophosphatemia is low phosphate, resulting in muscle weakness and bone resorption.
• Hypothermia is the chilling or freezing of cells, slowing cellular metabolic processes.
• Hypoxia is a lack of sufficient oxygen and is the most common cause of cellular injury.
• Infectious injury results from microorganisms invading and damaging cells and tissues.
• Inflammation is a protective response to injury or infection, preventing infection and preparing for healing.
• Interphase is the longest phase of cellular reproduction, marked by chromatin coiling and thickening.
• Ionizing radiation can remove orbital electrons from atoms, potentially causing cellular damage.
• Ischemia impairs tissue blood supply, often due to narrowed arteries or clots.
• The Kinin system is a plasma protein system that produces bradykinin, causing vasodilation and pain.
• Klinefelter syndrome is an extra X chromosome in males, resulting in small testes and breast development.
• Lead is a heavy metal toxic to the brain, nervous system, and other organs.
• Light-induced damage results from light exposure, potentially causing oxidative stress and mechanical damage.
• Liquefactive necrosis is necrosis due to ischemic injury or bacterial infections, resulting in tissue liquefaction.
• Mechanical stresses refer to stresses and strains from the external environment and internal physiological conditions.
• Mercury is a toxic metal that can cause neurological and developmental problems.
• Metabolic acidosis involves decreased bicarbonate and is seen in diarrhea, renal failure, and diabetic ketoacidosis.
• Metabolic alkalosis involves increased bicarbonate and is seen in vomiting and diuretic therapy.
• Metaphase involves spindle fibers aligning chromosomes in the middle of the cell.
• Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another.
• Muscle tissue consists of myocytes that contract to produce movement.
• Neural tissue consists of neurons that rapidly transmit electrical impulses.
• Noise trauma refers to the harmful effects of loud sounds, potentially causing hearing impairment.
• Osmosis is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from high to low water concentration.
• Passive transport is the movement of solute molecules from high to low concentration areas.
• Prophase is the first appearance of chromosomes, as the nuclear membrane disappears, and spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart.
• A recessive allele is only expressed if two recessive alleles are present.
• Recessive inheritance is only expressed if two recessive genes are present.
• Respiratory acidosis is carbon dioxide retention, seen in hypoventilation
• Respiratory alkalosis is decreased carbon dioxide, seen in hyperventilation
• RNA is a nucleic acid that mediates transcription and translation, differing from DNA in the bases used.
• Telophase involves a new nuclear membrane forming, chromosomes uncoiling, and cytoplasm dividing into two identical cells.
• Total body water includes intracellular and extracellular fluid, divided into various compartments.
• Turner syndrome involves a missing sex chromosome, resulting in short stature and abnormal genitalia.
• X-linked dominant inheritance is where a dominant allele on the X chromosome is expressed in both males and females.
• X-linked inheritance is the inheritance of genes on the X chromosome and is more common in males.
• X-linked recessive inheritance is where a recessive allele on the X chromosome is expressed in males.

Key concepts in cellular injury: Anaphase in cell division, types of necrosis like coagulative and caseous, the process of apoptosis, and atrophy. Also covers asphyxial and blast injuries, plus the roles of carbon monoxide, the clotting system and the complement system.