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Questions and Answers
Which type of necrosis is characterized by a glassy and homogeneous appearance due to the loss of glycogen?
Which type of necrosis is characterized by a glassy and homogeneous appearance due to the loss of glycogen?
Apoptosis is the death of a large group of cells.
Apoptosis is the death of a large group of cells.
False
What is the process by which solid debris is engulfed by macrophages during necrosis?
What is the process by which solid debris is engulfed by macrophages during necrosis?
Phagocytosis
In necrosis, large areas of cell death can lead to __________ calcification.
In necrosis, large areas of cell death can lead to __________ calcification.
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Match the types of necrosis to their characteristics:
Match the types of necrosis to their characteristics:
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What is one of the causes of apoptosis?
What is one of the causes of apoptosis?
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Apoptosis can be observed with the naked eye during the process.
Apoptosis can be observed with the naked eye during the process.
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What occurs during the microscopic phase of apoptosis?
What occurs during the microscopic phase of apoptosis?
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Apoptosis is characterized by _________ of apoptotic cells by macrophages.
Apoptosis is characterized by _________ of apoptotic cells by macrophages.
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Match each feature to its corresponding description of apoptosis:
Match each feature to its corresponding description of apoptosis:
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of cell injury?
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Reversible cell injury can lead to necrosis.
Reversible cell injury can lead to necrosis.
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What is a common characteristic of cloudy swelling in reversible cell injury?
What is a common characteristic of cloudy swelling in reversible cell injury?
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Hydropic swelling is a type of ______ cell injury.
Hydropic swelling is a type of ______ cell injury.
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What primarily causes ATP depletion in cell injury?
What primarily causes ATP depletion in cell injury?
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Match the following types of cell injury with their characteristics:
Match the following types of cell injury with their characteristics:
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Increased intracellular calcium is a mechanism of cell injury.
Increased intracellular calcium is a mechanism of cell injury.
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Name one factor that affects the extent of cell injury.
Name one factor that affects the extent of cell injury.
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What causes fatty change in cells?
What causes fatty change in cells?
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What is the primary cause of cloudy swelling?
What is the primary cause of cloudy swelling?
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Fatty change can occur due to normal fat metabolism.
Fatty change can occur due to normal fat metabolism.
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What happens to fat produced or carried to injured cells when there is diminished enzyme activity?
What happens to fat produced or carried to injured cells when there is diminished enzyme activity?
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Hydropic swelling can lead to irreversible injury if the cell injury continues.
Hydropic swelling can lead to irreversible injury if the cell injury continues.
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Patchy examples of fatty change can include __________.
Patchy examples of fatty change can include __________.
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Name one type of cell where hydropic swelling can be observed.
Name one type of cell where hydropic swelling can be observed.
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What is one fate of cells after an injury?
What is one fate of cells after an injury?
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Cloudy swelling is characterized by increased intracellular __________ load.
Cloudy swelling is characterized by increased intracellular __________ load.
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Match the following conditions with their associated effects:
Match the following conditions with their associated effects:
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Match the types of nuclear changes in necrosis with their definitions:
Match the types of nuclear changes in necrosis with their definitions:
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Which organ is least likely affected by cloudy swelling?
Which organ is least likely affected by cloudy swelling?
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Describe necrosis.
Describe necrosis.
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Cytoplasmic eosinophilia in necrosis is caused by an increase in hemoglobin.
Cytoplasmic eosinophilia in necrosis is caused by an increase in hemoglobin.
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Reversible cell injury always leads to cell death.
Reversible cell injury always leads to cell death.
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What is the characteristic morphological change in cells undergoing hydropic swelling?
What is the characteristic morphological change in cells undergoing hydropic swelling?
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Study Notes
Cell Response to Injury
- Cell injury is a broad topic that encompasses various causes, mechanisms, and outcomes.
- Factors like the nature, duration, and severity of the injury, as well as the specific cell type, all influence the response.
- Learning outcomes include identifying causes and types of cell injury, understanding mechanisms, comparing reversible and irreversible damage, defining different injury types, describing gross and microscopic pictures, and explaining the fate of reversible cell injury.
- Comparing necrosis and apoptosis, and distinguishing between necrosis types, are also key objectives.
Causes of Cell Injury
- Several factors can cause cell injury, broken down into broad categories:
- Physical: Mechanical trauma, extreme temperatures, electricity, radiation.
- Chemical: Toxins, drugs, poisons.
- Immunological: Autoimmune reactions, hypersensitivity.
- Hypoxia: Lack of oxygen supply, often due to ischemia
- Infection: Pathogens like bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Mechanisms of Cell Injury
- Mechanisms of cell injury frequently follow a common pathway. These include:
- ATP depletion
- Membrane damage
- Increased intracellular calcium
- Formation of oxygen-derived free radicals
Reversible Cell Injury
- Mild and short-term injury can often result in reversible cell changes.
- Types of reversible cell injury include cloudy swelling, hydropic swelling, and fatty change.
Types of Reversible Cell Injury
- Cloudy Swelling: Characterized by swelling of cells and granularity of the cytoplasm due to water accumulation.
- Hydropic Swelling: A form of reversible cellular injury where water accumulates inside the cells.
- Fatty Change: An accumulation of fat within cells due to impaired fat metabolism.
Pathogenesis of Cloudy Swelling
- Ischemia initiates a chain of events leading to increased intracellular water.
- Reduced oxidative phosphorylation leads to ATP depletion.
- Sodium-potassium pump dysfunction results in sodium influx and water accumulation.
- Excess lactic acid elevates intracellular osmotic load, exacerbating swelling.
Gross and Microscopic Features of Cloudy Swelling
- Gross: organs affected show edema.
- Microscopic: cells may show swelling, loss of glycogen, and cellular disorganization.
Pathogenesis of Hydropic Swelling
- Similar mechanisms to cloudy swelling, but more pronounced.
- Sodium-potassium pump dysfunction leads to increased sodium entry, driving water accumulation further.
Mechanisms of Irreversible Cell Injury
- Irreversible cell injury results in cell death, either through necrosis or apoptosis
Necrosis
- Necrosis is a form of cell death characterized by cell breakdown triggered by injurious stimuli.
- Broad causes of necrosis are hypoxia, infection, physical or chemical trauma
- Microscopic characteristics include pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, increased eosinophilia, and/or organelle degradation.
- Types include:
- Coagulative: Infarction (except brain)
- Liquefactive: Brain infarction, bacterial abscesses.
- Caseous: Tuberculosis
- Fat: Trauma to fat tissue
- Fibrinoid: Vasculitis
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is a regulated, programmed cell death.
- Physiological role in development, cell turnover and involution.
- Pathological roles include DNA damage, infections and atrophy
Apoptosis - Gross and Micro Features
- Gross: usually not noticeable visually
- Microscopic: Shrinking cells without inflammatory response, fragmentation into membrane-enclosed apoptotic bodies, typically detected by cellular changes.
Fate of Cell Injury
- Reversible cell injury may resolve with resolution of the triggering event.
- If injurious stimuli persist or become severe, irreversible cell injury and cell death (necrosis or apoptosis) can occur.
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Description
This quiz covers the mechanisms and outcomes of cell injury, focusing on the various causes, types, and the comparison between necrosis and apoptosis. It aims to enhance understanding of cellular responses to injuries and the intricacies of reversible versus irreversible damage. Prepare to delve into the factors influencing cell injury and analyze relevant cellular responses.
