Cell Response to Injury Quiz

Cell injury can be caused by physical factors, infections, chemicals, hypoxia, and immunological responses.

Cell injury mechanisms include ATP depletion, membrane damage, increased intracellular calcium, and formation of oxygen-derived free radicals.

Hypoxia is a major cause of cell injury, often leading to ATP depletion.

A temporary cell response to mild injury, not causing permanent damage. Examples include cloudy swelling and fatty change.

Severe or prolonged injury leading to permanent damage and cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).

A form of reversible cell injury characterized by cellular swelling due to water accumulation, causing a granular cytoplasm.

Necrosis involves uncontrolled cell death, while apoptosis is a programmed, controlled cell death process.

The effect of cell injury depends on the factors including the nature, duration, severity of the injury and the cell type involved.

A reversible cell injury marked by cellular swelling and vacuoles, due to excess water accumulating in cells.

A reversible cell injury where excess fat accumulates within cells.

A cause of cellular swelling (cloudy swelling) as it affects the cell's osmotic balance.

The added pressure put on the cell due to the accumulation of substances like lactic acid

Highly specialized parenchymal cells like liver, kidney and heart are affected with cloudy swelling.

Hydropic swelling that proceeds to eventual irreversible injury if the injury or stress is not resolved.

A form of programmed cell death that removes unwanted cells in a controlled manner, involving a series of biochemical events.

Apoptosis is triggered by various stimuli, including normal cell turnover, embryologic development, hormone-dependent involution, cells completing their function, DNA damage, and cell death in infections.

Apoptosis is not visible to the naked eye, as the cells are removed efficiently and quietly.

Apoptosis involves cell shrinkage, formation of surface blebs, and the formation of membrane-bound apoptotic bodies comprised of cytoplasm and organelles.

Apoptotic cells or their bodies are engulfed and degraded by phagocytes, usually macrophages, using the lysosomal enzymes.

Necrotic cells have a glassy, homogeneous appearance due to loss of glycogen, giving the cytoplasm a uniform look.

Different types of necrosis occur based on the cause of cell death, such as arterial supply issues, which lead to cells dying due to lack of blood flow.

Common types of necrosis include caseative (cheese-like), coagulative (solid), fat (fat tissue), fibrinoid (vessel wall), and liquefactive (liquefied).

The fate of necrotic tissue depends on the size of the area. Small areas are cleaned up by macrophages, while larger areas form a fibrous capsule around the dead tissue.

Apoptosis is the programmed death of a single cell or a small group of cells, a controlled process that removes unwanted cells.

Fat accumulates within cells because damaged cells lack the enzymes to break down the excess fat. This leads to the fat building up in the cytoplasm.

A localized accumulation of fat within cells, often seen in conditions like chronic venous congestion or anemia.

A widespread accumulation of fat throughout cells, commonly observed in severe toxemia.

The outcome of fatty change depends on the severity and continuation of the underlying injury. If the injury stops, the cell can recover, but continued injury leads to irreversible damage.

The death of a group of cells or tissues within a living organism. This can happen directly or as a consequence of reversible cell injury.

Necrotic tissue often appears as a pale area surrounded by a red area due to inflammation.

Necrotic cells display distinct changes in the nucleus. Pyknosis: shrinking nucleus, Karyorrhexis: fragmentation, Karyolysis: dissolution.