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Questions and Answers
What is a significant factor that may lead to the development of skin cancer?
What is a significant factor that may lead to the development of skin cancer?
Which type of skin cancer mostly develops from the cells in the stratum basale?
Which type of skin cancer mostly develops from the cells in the stratum basale?
What is one characteristic of squamous cell carcinoma?
What is one characteristic of squamous cell carcinoma?
What effect does the skin cancer called malignant melanoma have on the affected area?
What effect does the skin cancer called malignant melanoma have on the affected area?
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Which factor contributes to a higher vulnerability to skin cancer?
Which factor contributes to a higher vulnerability to skin cancer?
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Which treatment is commonly used to cure basal cell carcinoma?
Which treatment is commonly used to cure basal cell carcinoma?
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What is a common characteristic of skin cancers related to ultraviolet (UV) light exposure?
What is a common characteristic of skin cancers related to ultraviolet (UV) light exposure?
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What is the least risk associated with basal cell carcinoma compared to other skin cancers?
What is the least risk associated with basal cell carcinoma compared to other skin cancers?
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What is the correct method for administering an intradermal injection?
What is the correct method for administering an intradermal injection?
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Which type of injection would typically be used for insulin delivery?
Which type of injection would typically be used for insulin delivery?
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What angle is typically used for intramuscular injections?
What angle is typically used for intramuscular injections?
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How does prolonged exposure to sunlight affect folate levels in the blood?
How does prolonged exposure to sunlight affect folate levels in the blood?
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What health issue can result from low levels of folate during pregnancy?
What health issue can result from low levels of folate during pregnancy?
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What role does vitamin D play in relation to calcium absorption?
What role does vitamin D play in relation to calcium absorption?
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Which factor is primarily responsible for the risk of overheating in humans?
Which factor is primarily responsible for the risk of overheating in humans?
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What effect does ultraviolet light from the sun have on the human body?
What effect does ultraviolet light from the sun have on the human body?
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What is the primary function of increased skin pigmentation in populations living in the tropics?
What is the primary function of increased skin pigmentation in populations living in the tropics?
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What is the optimal level of melanin in the skin intended to balance?
What is the optimal level of melanin in the skin intended to balance?
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How does skin color variation correlate with latitude?
How does skin color variation correlate with latitude?
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What condition might Sam have developed due to the seriousness of his burns?
What condition might Sam have developed due to the seriousness of his burns?
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Which dietary modifications were made for Sam following his burns?
Which dietary modifications were made for Sam following his burns?
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What treatment did Sam receive to combat potential infections in his wounds?
What treatment did Sam receive to combat potential infections in his wounds?
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What did exposure to higher ultraviolet light intensities in the tropics lead to?
What did exposure to higher ultraviolet light intensities in the tropics lead to?
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What was the primary concern that necessitated the transfer of Sam to the burn unit?
What was the primary concern that necessitated the transfer of Sam to the burn unit?
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What primarily causes an older bone to become more brittle?
What primarily causes an older bone to become more brittle?
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At what age is bone mass typically highest?
At what age is bone mass typically highest?
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What demographic generally has denser bones than others?
What demographic generally has denser bones than others?
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After age 35, how much bone loss is experienced per year by both men and women?
After age 35, how much bone loss is experienced per year by both men and women?
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How much bone mass can women lose per year after menopause?
How much bone mass can women lose per year after menopause?
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What effect do age-related changes in joints primarily have on elderly individuals?
What effect do age-related changes in joints primarily have on elderly individuals?
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What condition significantly increases the risk of fractures in the elderly?
What condition significantly increases the risk of fractures in the elderly?
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What can loss of bone from the jaws lead to?
What can loss of bone from the jaws lead to?
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What is an impacted fracture?
What is an impacted fracture?
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What hormone is secreted when blood calcium levels are too low?
What hormone is secreted when blood calcium levels are too low?
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What role do osteoblasts play when blood calcium levels are high?
What role do osteoblasts play when blood calcium levels are high?
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Which joint is most commonly dislocated in the body?
Which joint is most commonly dislocated in the body?
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What typically happens during a shoulder dislocation?
What typically happens during a shoulder dislocation?
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What is a possible consequence of a shoulder dislocation?
What is a possible consequence of a shoulder dislocation?
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Which of the following hormones is secreted when calcium levels are high?
Which of the following hormones is secreted when calcium levels are high?
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How can blood calcium levels be increased when they are too low?
How can blood calcium levels be increased when they are too low?
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Study Notes
Cellular Injury and cancer
- External and internal changes to the environment can lead to cell injury
- Cancer can form in response to prolonged tissue injury.
- Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer
- Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is a known cause for cancer
- Most skin cancers develop on the face, neck, or hands
- People with fair skin are more prone to skin cancer
- People over 50 are more prone to skin cancer because of their time spent in the sun
- Three main types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma.
- Basal cell carcinoma starts in the cells of the stratum basale and expands into the dermis
- Basal cell carcinoma can be cured using surgical removal or radiation therapy
- Basal cell carcinoma rarely spreads to other parts of the body
- Squamous cell carcinoma develops in cells that are immediately above the stratum basale
- Squamous cell carcinoma usually leads to a keratinized tumor within the epidermis
- Squamous cell carcinoma can spread to the dermis and beyond without treatment
- Malignant melanoma starts in melanocytes within a mole
- Melanomas can be flat or nodule-like
- Melanomas can spread and are dangerous if not detected early
Injections
- An intradermal injection is given by drawing the skin taut and inserting a needle into the dermis at a shallow angle
- A subcutaneous injection is given by pinching the skin to form a tent and inserting a needle into the subcutaneous tissue
- An intramuscular injection is given by inserting a needle into the muscle at a 90 degree angle
Skin Color
- The evolution of skin color in humans is linked to the influence of sunlight on the body.
- Increased physical activity from an upright posture generates excess heat and the body adapted by:
- Increased sweat glands
- Reduced hair coverage
- Exposure to sunlight is harmful to the human body through:
- Skin cancer from DNA damage by UV light
- Reduced folate levels in blood
- Sunlight is also beneficial to the human body because:
- It triggers vitamin D production
- Vitamin D is vital for proper calcium absorption
- Low vitamin D levels can result in rickets which are soft, weak bones that easily break
- Skin pigmentation helps with protection from the harmful effects of the sun, but also hinders vitamin D production
- The degree of pigmentation is genetically linked to the exposure to sunlight throughout human evolutionary history
- Dark skinned people produce more melanin for protection against UV light
- Light skinned people produce less melanin so that they can create sufficient vitamin D in low sunlight environments
Skeletal system aging
- The skeletal system is most impacted by aging in the joints and bone matrix
- The bone matrix loses collagen over time which makes it brittle
- Bone mass decreases as a person ages
- Both men and women lose bone density after the age of 35
- Women experience a more accelerated decline in bone density after menopause
- The joints are also impacted by aging
- Articular cartilage can wear down with use
- Bone loss associated with aging increases the risk for bone fractures
- Loss of trabeculae increases the risk of vertebrae fractures
- Bone loss can contribute to pain, stiffness, deformity, and tooth loss
Fractures
- Blood calcium levels are regulated by:
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Vitamin D
- Calcitonin
- PTH and vitamin D are released when calcium levels are low
- Calcitonin is released when calcium levels are high
- PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, intestinal absorption, and renal reabsorption of calcium.
- An impacted fracture occurs when one fragment of bone becomes embedded in the spongy bone of another fragment
Dislocated shoulder
- The shoulder is the most common joint to be dislocated
- Dislocations occur when the head of the humerus is forced out of the glenoid cavity
- Most dislocations cause stretching of the joint capsule
- Most dislocations are treated manually by pulling the humeral head back into the glenoid cavity
- Repeated dislocations are more likely after the first dislocation, as the joint capsule has been stretched
- People with loose joints are more predisposed to dislocations
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Description
This quiz explores the relationship between cellular injury and cancer, focusing on the most common type of cancer—skin cancer. It covers the types, causes, and risk factors associated with skin cancer, as well as treatment options for basal cell carcinoma. Test your knowledge on this critical health topic.
