Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the three possible outcomes when a cell is exposed to an injurious agent?
What are the three possible outcomes when a cell is exposed to an injurious agent?
The cell may adapt, acquire reversible injury, or obtain irreversible injury and die.
Define hypertrophy and provide an example.
Define hypertrophy and provide an example.
Hypertrophy is the increase in cell size due to increased workload, such as the enlargement of the left ventricle in hypertensive heart disease.
What is hyperplasia and how is it usually caused?
What is hyperplasia and how is it usually caused?
Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells, usually caused by hormonal stimulation.
What is atrophy, and what is its effect on organs?
What is atrophy, and what is its effect on organs?
Signup and view all the answers
Explain metaplasia.
Explain metaplasia.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two pathways through which a cell may die?
What are the two pathways through which a cell may die?
Signup and view all the answers
Describe necrosis and mention a key characteristic.
Describe necrosis and mention a key characteristic.
Signup and view all the answers
List a few mechanisms that can lead to necrosis.
List a few mechanisms that can lead to necrosis.
Signup and view all the answers
What types of necrosis are identified in cellular injury?
What types of necrosis are identified in cellular injury?
Signup and view all the answers
How does increased workload affect cell size in hypertrophy?
How does increased workload affect cell size in hypertrophy?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Cellular Injury and Adaptation
- Cell injury is the fundamental basis of all diseases. Understanding cell injury is critical to understanding disease processes.
- When cells are exposed to harmful stimuli, there are three possible outcomes: adaptation, reversible injury, or irreversible injury leading to cell death.
- Cell death can occur through necrosis or apoptosis.
Cellular Adaptation
- Cells can adapt to different stimuli. These adaptations change the cell's size, number, or type to accommodate new demands,
- Types of cellular adaptation include hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.
Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size.
- Increased workload prompts increased protein synthesis, leading to more intracellular organelles and a larger cell size.
- The larger cell size results in an enlarged organ.
- Examples include left ventricular enlargement in hypertension and skeletal muscle growth during strenuous exercise.
Hyperplasia
- Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number. This can increase organ size.
- Often caused by hormonal stimuli.
- Can be physiological (e.g., breast enlargement during pregnancy) or pathological (e.g., endometrial hyperplasia).
Atrophy
- Atrophy is a decrease in cell size.
- Causes a decrease in organ size.
Metaplasia
- Metaplasia is the replacement of one differentiated cell type by another.
Cell Death: Necrosis
- Necrosis involves cell swelling, membrane rupture, and subsequent intracellular degradation.
- This process occurs within a living organism. Necrosis does not occur in a dead organism.
- Key mechanisms include: hypoxia, free radical-induced injury, cell membrane damage, and increased intracellular calcium.
- Different types of necrosis are recognised. These include:
- Coagulative necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis
- Fat necrosis
- Caseous necrosis
- Gangrenous necrosis
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on cellular injury, adaptations, and the processes leading to cell death. This quiz covers important concepts like hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which are crucial in understanding how cells respond to various stimuli. Explore the fundamental basis of disease through cell biology.
