Cellular Homeostasis and Oxidative Phosphorylation

False (B)

To generate ATP, the main energy source for cells.

<p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH = An electron carrier involved in the electron transport chain FADH2 = Another electron carrier that donates electrons to the ETC ATP = The primary energy currency of the cell H+^ = Ions pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane to create a gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mTOR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tBID translocates to the mitochondria and induces the release of cytochrome c (cytoC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>phagophore, isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cleaving cytoplasmic substrates, leading to activation of effector caspases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>antigen-MHC Class-II, TCR-CD3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Akt and MAPK signaling = Suppression of autophagy AMPK and p53 signaling = Promotion of autophagy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The endoplasmic reticulum and the extracellular space</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PLC-γ1 = Cleaves PIP2 to generate DAG and IP3 IP3 = Causes accumulation of free Ca2+ in the cytosol DAG = Activates protein kinase C (PKC) Fyn = Increases the activity of IP3R/ITPR during the early phase of T-cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generation of DAG and IP3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents the release of infectious agents and reduces inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>tBID</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of the TCR-CD3 complex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Molecular oxygen (O2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondrial myopathies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative Phosphorylation = Produces ATP Autophagy = Recycles cellular components Cellular Cleanup = Removes damaged proteins Quality Control = Prevents buildup of toxic components</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Causes cellular damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It facilitates degradation and recycling of cellular components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxicity and disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calmodulin binds to Cabin1, releasing it from MEF2D and allowing for coactivator p300 association. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Death-inducing signaling complexes (DISCs) and TNFR1, DR3, and DR6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cabin1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TNFR1 = DR1 FAS = CD95 TRAILR1 = DR4 TRAILR2 = DR5</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caspase-8 is responsible for the transduction of the apoptotic signal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>death-inducing signaling complex (DISC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CD4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The maintenance of stable conditions in cells for proper function and survival.

Essential for optimal metabolic function, growth, and survival of cells.

A cellular process that removes damaged organelles to maintain homeostasis.

A metabolic pathway in mitochondria for ATP production using nutrients.

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, generating energy.

A difference in proton concentration across the mitochondrial membrane that drives ATP synthesis.

High-energy molecules produced in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, donating electrons to the ETC.

An enzyme that synthesizes ATP using energy from the proton gradient during OXPHOS.

The process of converting ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP using energy from protons.

Molecular oxygen (O2) combines with electrons and protons to form water in the ETC.

Neuromuscular diseases caused by mutations affecting mitochondrial function.

Byproducts of OXPHOS that can cause oxidative stress and cellular damage.

Process that identifies, segregates, and degrades damaged cellular components.

Cells reuse valuable molecules by breaking down and recycling components.

Systems that prevent accumulation of damaged proteins and organelles.

Autophagy activity increases in response to nutrient deprivation or oxidative stress.

TRAIL binds to TRAILR, recruiting FADD and activating apoptosis.

An enzyme that cleaves BID into tBID, promoting cytoC release and apoptosis.

A protein released from mitochondria, activating caspase 9 in apoptosis.

Apoptotic protease-activating factor 1 that activates caspase 9 with cytoC.

A kinase regulating autophagy; its activation suppresses autophagy processes.

A complex activated by mTOR inactivation, crucial for forming autophagosomes.

Three types: macroautophagy, microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy.

An important transcription factor that binds a repressor complex when T-Cells are unactivated.

A protein that binds Ca2+ and regulates signaling pathways including T-Cell activation.

Controlled by opposing chromatin remodeling enzymes influenced by Ca2+ signaling.

Various signals like UV radiation or chemotherapeutic drugs that induce programmed cell death.

A group of receptors that trigger apoptotic or survival signals upon activation by ligands.

A member of the death receptor family known as DR1, involved in apoptosis signaling.

Also known as CD95, it's a death receptor that forms DISC complexes for apoptosis signaling.

Protein complexes formed at death receptors like FAS and TRAIL receptors that initiate apoptosis.

Members of the death receptor family, including TRAILR1 and TRAILR2, involved in apoptosis.

An enzyme that accesses cytoplasmic substrates to activate apoptosis.

Truncated BID, an activator of apoptosis produced by Granzyme-B.

A series of reactions activated during apoptosis to dismantle the cell.

Cells that remove dead or dying cells to reduce inflammation.

A key signal for T-cell activation and function.

A complex on T-cells that interacts with antigens on APCs.

An enzyme activated during T-cell signaling that generates DAG and IP3.

Molecules produced by PLC-γ1, critical for calcium signaling.

Calcium ions within the cell, crucial for signaling.

Receptors activated during T-cell activation that allow calcium influx.