Cellular Homeostasis and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Which of the following processes are NOT involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis?

Disruptions in cellular homeostasis can only lead to cellular stress.

What is the primary function of oxidative phosphorylation?

The ______ is the powerhouse of the cell where oxidative phosphorylation takes place.

Match the following molecules with their roles in oxidative phosphorylation:

The electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation uses the energy released from electron movement to create a proton gradient.

What is the final product of oxidative phosphorylation?

Which of the following processes provides high-energy molecules (NADH and FADH2) that fuel the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation?

Which of the following proteins is NOT directly involved in the TRAIL-mediated apoptotic pathway?

Activation of mTOR promotes autophagy.

What is the role of tBID in the TRAIL-induced apoptosis pathway?

Apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, involves the release of cellular contents.

The flat, membrane-bound structure involved in autophagosome formation is called the ______ or ______ membrane.

What is the primary function of Granzyme-B in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated apoptosis?

The binding of the ______ complex on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the ______ complex on T-cells initiates the process of T-cell activation.

Match the signaling pathways with their effect on autophagy regulation:

What are the two primary sources of intracellular free calcium (Ca2+) during T-cell activation?

Which of the following is NOT a type of autophagy?

Match the following molecules with their respective roles in T-cell activation:

Autophagy is only activated during nutrient deprivation.

Which of the following events directly results from the activation of PLC-γ1 during T-cell activation?

What is the main advantage of apoptosis in eliminating infected cells?

The activity of the IP3 receptor (IP3R) is reduced during the early phase of T-cell activation by the tyrosine kinase Fyn.

The truncated form of BID, known as ______, is a key substrate cleaved by Granzyme-B, triggering the effector caspase cascade.

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of elevated intracellular Ca2+ levels in T-cells?

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (ETC)?

Disruptions in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway do not impact ATP production.

Name one condition that can result from a deficiency in ATP production.

During oxidative phosphorylation, protons flow through ATP synthase to convert ADP and inorganic __________ into ATP.

Match the following cellular processes with their functions:

What effect can increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have on cells?

Autophagy only occurs in response to periods of nutrient abundance.

What physiological role does autophagy play in the cell?

A deficiency in ATP production may lead to __________ weakness and exercise intolerance.

What is one consequence of damaged proteins accumulating in the cell?

What is the role of calmodulin in the activation of T-cells?

The death receptor family is part of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.

What are the two types of death receptor signaling complexes?

Upon TCR signaling, activated calmodulin binds to ______, releasing it from MEF2D.

Which of the following factors can trigger apoptosis?

Match the following death receptors with their alternate names:

All three receptors that recruit death-inducing signaling complexes (DISCs) have identical compositions.

What is the primary role of caspase-8 in the apoptotic signaling cascade?

The ______ signaling complex is formed at the FAS receptor, TRAILR1 or TRAILR2.

Which of the following is NOT a member of the death receptor family?