Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary effect of uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation on the mitochondria?

  • They generate a membrane potential to produce ATP.
  • They leak protons across the inner membrane, reducing ATP production. (correct)
  • They stimulate the electron transport chain, increasing oxygen consumption.
  • They increase the production of ROS, damaging the mitochondrial matrix.

    • What is the physiological purpose of controlled uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation in certain animals?

  • To regulate body temperature in cold environments. (correct)
  • To detoxify pollutants and pesticides.
  • To increase ATP production during high-energy activities.
  • To reduce oxidative stress and ROS production.

    • Which of the following is a symptom of intoxication caused by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation?

  • Reduced respiration and pulse rates.
  • Flu-like symptoms and fatigue.
  • Numbness and tingling in extremities.
  • Accelerated respiration and pulse, flushed skin, and elevated temperature. (correct)

    • What is the role of ATP synthetase in the electron transport chain?

    <p>To generate ATP from ADP and Pi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do certain chemicals, including pesticides, induce oxidative stress?

    <p>By increasing ROS production as byproducts of detoxification pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation on electron transport and oxygen consumption?

    <p>Increased electron transport and increased oxygen consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way pesticides can lead to ROS overproduction?

    <p>By altering the operation of the mitochondrial electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for chemicals that interfere with the production, release, transport, metabolism, or elimination of hormones?

    <p>Endocrine disruptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when evaluating target organ toxicity?

    <p>A single toxicant can have multiple target organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of poietins in hematotoxicity?

    <p>To determine the fate of a stem cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of arylhydrocarbon receptor binding on cellular growth and differentiation?

    <p>It may interfere adversely with cellular growth and differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of having too few thrombocytes in the blood?

    <p>External or internal hemorrhaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of AHR activation in response to halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and related biphenyls and dibenzofurans?

    <p>Induction of the adaptive xenobiotic metabolic pathway and mediation of a variety of toxic responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of TCDD that makes it an invaluable tool in elucidating the mechanism of AHR signalling and enzyme induction?

    <p>Its high binding affinity for the AHR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for disorders of blood cells induced by toxicants?

    <p>Blood dyscrasias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the adverse effects or disease states manifested in specific organs in the body?

    <p>Target organ toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the liver particularly susceptible to toxic agents?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the observed differences in target organ toxicity?

    <p>Structural and functional differences in the cells that make up the tissues and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the liver?

    <p>Lobule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of EDCs on fish?

    <p>They cause male fish to transform into ones with female characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the blocked flow of bile in the liver?

    <p>Cholestasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cytotoxic mechanisms in the liver?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of pesticide-induced oxidative stress?

    <p>Cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the destruction of erythrocytes by a toxicant?

    <p>Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which pesticides can increase ROS production?

    <p>By all of the above mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of sinusoids in the liver?

    <p>To facilitate blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of intrahepatic cholestasis?

    <p>Blockage of the flow of bile within the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chronic ethanol toxicity on hepatocytes?

    <p>Accumulation of excess fat within hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the proximal tubule in the kidney?

    <p>Selective reabsorption of salts and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of toxicants on the glomerular filtration apparatus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of nephrotic syndrome?

    <p>Presence of protein in the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of cadmium on the kidney?

    <p>Production of glycosuria and aminoaciduria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the toxic effects in the kidney?

    <p>Nephrotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of damage to the epithelial cells that line the renal tubules?

    <p>Acute tubular necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gentamycin on the glomerular filtration apparatus?

    <p>Decreased rate of glomerular filtration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tubular secretion in the kidney?

    <p>Active transport of substances from the blood into the urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lead on the proximal tubule?

    <p>Inhibited reabsorption of glucose and amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>To process information and provide memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

    <p>To produce myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neurotoxins alter neurons in the CNS and PNS?

    <p>By impeding receptor or motor neuron signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of signal propagation in neurons?

    <p>electrical transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of halogenated aromatic compounds on sebaceous glands?

    <p>They block the opening to sebaceous glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of depolarization in a neuron?

    <p>Na+ enters the cell membrane, followed by K+ exit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common pathology of pulmonotoxic diseases such as asbestosis and silicosis?

    <p>Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of synaptic transmission in neuronal communication?

    <p>To transmit signals between neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a pulmonotoxicant?

    <p>Sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of neurotoxins on the potential difference across the axonal membrane?

    <p>It decreases the potential difference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Schwann cells in the PNS?

    <p>To produce myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhaling gases such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide on the respiratory system?

    <p>It reduces the cross-sectional area of the air passageways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Clara cells' vulnerability to ipomeanol?

    <p>It decreases the production of mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of excessive leakage of the axonal membrane?

    <p>The neuron is unable to propagate a signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inhaling mineral 'dusts' such as asbestos and silica?

    <p>Pulmonary fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of macrophages in response to inhaling mineral 'dusts'?

    <p>They stimulate the formation of collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chloracne-producing chemicals on the skin?

    <p>They increase the number of epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the disease states in the respiratory system brought about by the inhalation of gases, vapors, liquid droplets, and particulates?

    <p>Pulmonotoxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of certain chemicals, including antibiotics and anesthetics, on the skin?

    <p>They induce allergic contact dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of synaptic transmission in neurons?

    <p>Chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of batrachotoxin on the axonal cell membrane?

    <p>It increases the Na+ permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neurotoxins like malathion and diazinon affect the neurotransmitter acetylcholine?

    <p>They prevent its breakdown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of action of the neurotoxin curare?

    <p>Muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of neurotoxins like hexachlorophene and lead on the myelin sheath?

    <p>They destroy it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the cells responsible for hair production?

    <p>High mitotic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of certain dermatotoxins on the epithelium surrounding sebaceous glands?

    <p>They stimulate proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition characterized by the accumulation of watery fluid, increase in blood, and potentially loss of tissue?

    <p>Irritant contact dermatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of ethanol on CNS function?

    <p>It decreases signal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of DDT on the presynaptic region?

    <p>It increases Na+ permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which ionizing radiation damages cells?

    <p>Direct ionization of DNA and other cellular targets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lipid peroxidation in cellular membranes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the production of a malformed fetus?

    <p>Teratogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of haem proteins in promoting oxidative stress?

    <p>Redox-cycling and catalyzing lipid peroxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Exposure to ionizing radiation on cellular DNA?

    <p>Direct ionization and mutagenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the formation of cancer, including carcinomas and other malignant neoplasms?

    <p>Carcinogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation on cellular membranes?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cellular division in somatic cells and germ cells?

    <p>Perpetuation of life through reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the substances responsible for causing mutations and neoplasms?

    <p>Mutagens and carcinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lipid peroxidation on cellular function?

    <p>Modification of cellular function and membrane structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

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