Cellular Energetics Quiz

<p>An energy currency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiac muscle cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To produce reducing agents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>With oxaloacetate to form citrate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decarboxylation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as precursors for various molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy in the form of heat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through various metabolic pathways. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pyruvate is broken down, releasing CO2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It undergoes combustion, releasing energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes the mechanisms of energy production in cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water and CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Energy is released as a byproduct. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keto sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shift of the carbonyl group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It alters the sugar from an aldose to a ketose. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They alter the structure of the sugars. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create a proton gradient across the inner membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>36 ATP molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria utilize a proton gradient for ATP production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NADH and FADH2. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruptions in energy balance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To utilize the proton gradient to produce ATP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of metabolic disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts as a rotor causing the C ring to rotate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 120 degree increments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in the shape of the F1 unit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anchoring a modified stalk to track the gamma subunit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha and beta subunits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>130 revolutions per second. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To visualize the rotation of the gamma subunit. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADP, inorganic phosphate, or ATP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide energy for cellular processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADP combines with inorganic phosphate to form ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gamma subunit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The shape of the subunits changes affecting enzymatic activity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADP and inorganic phosphate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A nucleoside with a chain of three phosphate groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the addition of inorganic phosphate to ADP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A molecule used in cellular energy production; a critical precursor for various molecules.

The process by which cells create energy.

Molecules containing carbon atoms, crucial for cellular processes.

The removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule.

A rapid chemical reaction with oxygen that releases energy.

The complete breakdown of a molecule through reaction with oxygen, to yield energy.

Starting materials required to generate energy in the cell.

Cellular organelles involved in energy production.

The carbonyl group moves from the first carbon to the second carbon, converting an aldehyde sugar to a ketone sugar.

A chemical reaction that changes the structure of a sugar from an aldehyde group to a keto group.

Adding a phosphate group to a molecule, in this case, to the sugar's first carbon.

A sugar molecule with two phosphate groups added. A key intermediate in glycolysis.

The metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose for energy.

A functional group with a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures.

Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule used as a primary energy source in cells.

A series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that oxidizes pyruvate to CO2, generating energy carriers (NADH, FADH2) and GTP.

A molecule formed from pyruvate that enters the citric acid cycle to begin the process of energy production.

Electron carriers produced in the citric acid cycle, transporting energy to later stages of cellular respiration.

Molecules that donate electrons to other molecules, facilitating chemical reactions.

The citric acid cycle's main purpose is to break down pyruvate, producing energy carriers (NADH, FADH2) and a small amount of ATP. It also generates CO2 as a byproduct.

The citric acid cycle is cyclical because the final product of the cycle, oxaloacetate, is used as a reactant to begin the next cycle. It's a continuous process.

Electrons donated by NADH or FADH2 power proton pumps in the Electron Transport Chain.

Proton pumps move protons from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space.

The proton gradient created by the pumps powers ATP synthase to produce ATP.

Mitochondrial ATP production is significantly higher than glycolysis, generating up to 36 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

Electrons flow through the electron transport chain, generating a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The difference in proton concentration between the mitochondrial matrix and intermembrane space creates a proton gradient.

Malfunctioning mitochondria can lead to metabolic diseases like diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases.

The ATP synthase enzyme consists of two main parts: the F1 unit and the Fo unit. The F1 unit has three alpha and three beta subunits, while the Fo unit contains a ring of C subunits.

The gamma subunit acts as the rotor in ATP synthase, rotating within the F1 unit as protons flow through the Fo unit.

The gamma subunit's rotation is eccentric, meaning it doesn't spin in a perfectly centered circle, but rather with a slight off-center movement.

The eccentric rotation of the gamma subunit causes conformational changes (shape shifts) in the alpha and beta subunits of the F1 unit.

The shape changes in the F1 subunits allow for the binding and release of ADP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and ATP.

To visualize C ring rotation, researchers anchored it to an actin filament that had fluorescent markers, allowing them to track its movement.

The C ring rotates in a full 360-degree turn but in 120-degree steps, creating distinct stages of rotation.

The gamma subunit is connected to the Fo unit, which contains the C ring and other proteins, playing a crucial role in ATP production through its rotation.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy source in cells; it stores chemical energy in high-energy phosphate bonds. When these bonds break, energy is released for various cellular processes.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a lower-energy form of ATP with only two phosphate groups. It's created when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy.

The breaking of a phosphate bond in ATP (hydrolysis), releases energy for cellular activities like muscle contraction, brain function, and protein synthesis.

ATP synthesis is the process of re-adding a phosphate group to ADP, regenerating the energy-rich ATP molecule.

The gamma subunit of ATP synthase rotates, causing conformational changes in the alpha and beta subunits, facilitating the binding and release of ADP and inorganic phosphate.

ATP is made by ATP synthase, an enzyme complex that uses the energy of a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane to add a phosphate group to ADP.

ATP is often referred to as the 'universal biological fuel' as it provides energy for all living organisms.

Living organisms require a constant supply of energy to maintain processes like growth, movement, and repair. ATP provides this essential energy.