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Questions and Answers
What is the primary product generated by the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
What is the primary product generated by the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?
In the Krebs Cycle, what is the main purpose of acetyl-CoA?
In the Krebs Cycle, what is the main purpose of acetyl-CoA?
Which component of the electron transport chain is lipid-soluble and facilitates electron transfer?
Which component of the electron transport chain is lipid-soluble and facilitates electron transfer?
What drives the proton-motive force in mitochondria during cellular respiration?
What drives the proton-motive force in mitochondria during cellular respiration?
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How do the different reduction potentials of cytochromes affect electron transport?
How do the different reduction potentials of cytochromes affect electron transport?
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What is the role of NADH in the Krebs Cycle?
What is the role of NADH in the Krebs Cycle?
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Which of the following statements about mitochondrial diseases is true?
Which of the following statements about mitochondrial diseases is true?
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During glycolysis, which process occurs in the cytoplasm to generate energy?
During glycolysis, which process occurs in the cytoplasm to generate energy?
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What is the primary carbon-containing compound produced during glycolysis?
What is the primary carbon-containing compound produced during glycolysis?
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Which enzyme in the glycolytic pathway is known to be allosterically regulated?
Which enzyme in the glycolytic pathway is known to be allosterically regulated?
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Why do yeasts utilize fermentation to generate ATP?
Why do yeasts utilize fermentation to generate ATP?
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What is the purpose of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
What is the purpose of substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis?
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What happens to lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles?
What happens to lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles?
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Which of the following statements about the Krebs cycle is correct?
Which of the following statements about the Krebs cycle is correct?
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In which cellular structure does the electron transport chain primarily occur?
In which cellular structure does the electron transport chain primarily occur?
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Mitochondrial diseases often impair which of the following processes?
Mitochondrial diseases often impair which of the following processes?
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What is the primary purpose of phosphofructokinase in the glycolytic pathway?
What is the primary purpose of phosphofructokinase in the glycolytic pathway?
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What happens to NAD+ during fermentation in the absence of oxygen?
What happens to NAD+ during fermentation in the absence of oxygen?
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Which of the following statements about mitochondrial structure is true?
Which of the following statements about mitochondrial structure is true?
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Which molecule accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?
Which molecule accepts electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?
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Which health condition is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction?
Which health condition is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction?
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What is a key difference between glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle in terms of oxygen requirement?
What is a key difference between glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle in terms of oxygen requirement?
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Which product is generated by the Krebs Cycle during the breakdown of glucose?
Which product is generated by the Krebs Cycle during the breakdown of glucose?
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How many molecules of ATP are produced from glycolysis per glucose molecule?
How many molecules of ATP are produced from glycolysis per glucose molecule?
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Study Notes
Cellular Energetics
- Glycolysis produces pyruvate
- Phosphofructokinase-1 is an allosterically controlled enzyme in glycolysis
- Fermentation produces ATP in the absence of oxygen
- Substrate-level phosphorylation transfers a high-energy phosphate group from a molecule to ADP to make ATP
Cellular Respiration
- Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA and enters the citric acid cycle.
- The complete oxidation of glucose occurs in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
- In the overall reaction for cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized to CO2
- The molecule that immediately enters the citric acid cycle is formed by pyruvate conversion
- Phosphofructokinase is less active when ATP levels are high, ATP is an allosteric inhibitor
Mitochondrial Structure
- Inner mitochondrial membrane has a larger surface area than the outer membrane
- Inner membrane contains many proteins needed for ATP synthesis
- Mitochondria contain DNA in the matrix
- The curved morphology of cristae is due to MICOS protein complexes
- The outer mitochondrial membrane contacts the cellular cytosol and mitochondrial matrix
Electron Transport Chain
- Electron transport from NADH and FADH2 to O2 occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane
- Oxidation of fats compared to glucose, is more important in humans when it comes to source of ATP
- Electron transport chain uses energy from electron transfer to transport protons into the mitochondrial intermembrane space
Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Protons flow down electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase
- NADH-CoQ reductase and CoQH2-cytochrome c reductase each use electron transfer to actively transport protons from the mitochondrial matrix
- during electron transport the energy is used to produce ATP
Photosynthesis
- Light reactions are directly dependent on light, except carbon fixation
- In plants, light-dependent reactions happen in the thylakoid membranes, while the Calvin cycle happens in the stroma
- Oxygen is produced on the luminal face of the thylakoid membrane during photosynthesis
- ATP synthase, which has Fo and F1, is an important component in the production of ATP
- The major source of reactive oxygen species in animal cells is electron transport in the mitochondria
- Water is used as an electron donor in chloroplasts
- Carbon fixation is catalyzed by RuBisCo in the Calvin cycle, which is found in the stroma during photosynthesis.
- The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to produce glucose
Other Information
- The principal pigment in photosynthesis is chlorophyll a
- Plastoquinone is an electron and proton shuttle that's within the membrane
- Photorespiration consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide which competes with photosynthesis
- Photorespiration is favored with low CO2 or high O2 conditions
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in cellular energetics, including glycolysis, fermentation, and the citric acid cycle. Explore the intricacies of mitochondrial structure and function as they relate to ATP production and energy metabolism. Test your knowledge on the allosteric regulation of enzymes involved in these processes.
