Cellular Biology Review Exam 1 - Spring 2025

Exam 1 Review - Spring 2025

• Exam dates: Exam 1 opens Tuesday, February 4th at 8 AM and closes Friday, February 7th at 8 AM Central Time. Exam score will be posted by Saturday, February 8th at 5 PM Central Time.
• Exam content: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
• Review concepts: All concepts are important, even if seemingly straightforward. Review all content.

Cellular Biology/Alterations

• Nucleus: Contains the nucleolus (RNA-rich structure) and controls genetic information. Responsible for DNA replication and repair.
• Ribosomes: RNA-protein complexes synthesized in the nucleolus. Sites for protein synthesis.
• Golgi Complex: Network of flattened membranes. Processes and packages proteins from the ER into vesicles. Directs traffic of molecules in the cell.
• Lysosomes: Remove toxic cellular components and useless organelles; maintain cellular health.
• Cellular Adaptation: Signaling hubs for cellular adaptation and metabolic regulation in health and disease. Examples include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia.
• Mitochondria: Responsible for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP).
• Cellular Metabolism: Anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down) processes that provide energy to the cell. Involves hydrolysis of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. ATP is the crucial energy carrier.

Cellular Injury

• Hypoxia: Lack of sufficient oxygen, often due to ischemia (reduced blood supply).
• Ethanol toxicity: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde (toxic).
• Radiation: Ionizing radiation damages DNA leading to various diseases.
• Apoptosis: Programmed cell death. 
• Necrosis: Uncontrolled cell death.

Fluids and Electrolytes, Acid-Base Balance

• Fluid balance: Infants are vulnerable due to high metabolic rate and immature kidneys. Age-related factors affect fluid balance in older adults.
• RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System): Controls blood pressure and volume by regulating sodium and water retention.
• Aldosterone: Hormone that regulates sodium and potassium balance.
• ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone): Regulates water balance.
• Natriuretic peptides: Counteract the RAAS, promoting sodium and water excretion.
• Electrolytes: Crucial for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and numerous cellular processes. Includes sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and magnesium.

Genetics

• Alleles: Different forms of a gene at a specific location on a chromosome.
• Genotype: Genetic makeup
• Phenotype: Observable characteristics
• Expressivity: Extent of variation of a phenotype.
• Aneuploidy: Abnormal chromosome number (e.g., trisomy 21—Down syndrome).
• Autosomal dominant: One mutated allele is sufficient to express the trait.
• Autosomal recessive: Two mutated alleles are required to express the trait.

Additional Information

• Incidence rate: Number of new cases of a disease in a specified period.
• Relative risk: Ratio of the incidence rate of a disease among individuals exposed to a risk factor and not exposed.
• Epigenetics: Modifies gene expression without changing DNA sequence. Environmental factors can cause epigenetic modification.

Additional note from OCR

• Exam material covers weeks 1, 2, and 3.
• Information related to each section covers the corresponding chapters (e.g., acid-base balance—related chapters).

Prepare for Exam 1 covering Chapters 1 to 6 of Cellular Biology this Spring 2025. Review essential concepts such as the nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, all crucial for understanding cellular functions. Ensure you're familiar with all topics for optimal exam performance.