Cellular Biology and Organic Chemistry Quiz

Definition: Study of the cell as the basic unit of life.
Cell structure:
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells
  - Prokaryotic: No nucleus, simpler structure (e.g., bacteria).
  - Eukaryotic: Contains a nucleus, complex organelles (e.g., plant and animal cells).
- Organelles and their functions:
  - Nucleus: Houses DNA, controls cell activities.
  - Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP.
  - Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
  - Endoplasmic Reticulum: Synthesizes proteins (rough ER) and lipids (smooth ER).
  - Golgi Apparatus: Modifies and packages proteins.
  - Cell membrane: Semi-permeable barrier, regulates transport.
Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Division of somatic cells, results in two identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis: Division of gametes, results in four genetically diverse cells.

Definition: Study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and synthesis of carbon-containing compounds.
Key concepts:
- Functional groups: Specific groups of atoms that influence the characteristics of compounds (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino).
- Isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures (e.g., structural isomers, stereoisomers).
- Macromolecules:
  - Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches, primary energy source.
  - Proteins: Made of amino acids, essential for cell structure and function.
  - Lipids: Fats and oils, important for cell membranes and energy storage.
  - Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA, involved in genetic information and protein synthesis.

Definition: Study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
Basic concepts:
- DNA structure: Double helix formed by nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
- Genes: Units of heredity, sequences of DNA that code for proteins.
- Chromosomes: Structures that contain DNA, humans have 46 (23 pairs).
- Mendelian genetics: Principles of inheritance formulated by Gregor Mendel (dominant and recessive traits).
- Genetic mutations: Changes in DNA sequence, can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
- Biotechnology applications: Genetic engineering, CRISPR technology, and cloning.

Cell Definition: Fundamental unit of life, essential for all living organisms.
Cell Structure:
- Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus and have a simpler design; examples include bacteria.
- Eukaryotic Cells: Possess a nucleus and complex organelles; examples include plant and animal cells.
Organelles:
- Nucleus: Contains DNA and regulates cellular functions.
- Mitochondria: Known as the powerhouses of the cell, they generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
- Ribosomes: Responsible for synthesizing proteins by translating mRNA.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis, while smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
- Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable barrier that controls the ingress and egress of substances.
Cell Division:
- Mitosis: Produces two identical daughter cells; crucial for growth and repair.
- Meiosis: Generates four genetically diverse gametes; essential for sexual reproduction.

Definition: Examines the structure, properties, and reactions of carbon-based compounds.
Key Concepts:
- Functional Groups: Specific atom groups that define the chemical reactivity and properties of organic molecules; examples include hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups.
- Isomers: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural configurations. Includes:
  - Structural Isomers: Differ in the connectivity of atoms.
  - Stereoisomers: Differ in spatial arrangement of atoms.
Macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates: Includes sugars and starches; primary energy source for the body.
- Proteins: Composed of amino acids; crucial for cell structure, function, and enzyme activity.
- Lipids: Include fats and oils; vital for cell membrane structure and long-term energy storage.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA; critical for genetic information storage and protein synthesis.

Definition: Focuses on heredity and the variations in inherited traits among organisms.
Basic Concepts:
- DNA Structure: Composed of nucleotides arranged in a double helix; types of nucleotides include adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
- Genes: Segments of DNA that serve as blueprints for protein synthesis; units of heredity.
- Chromosomes: DNA structures that organize genetic information; humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
- Mendelian Genetics: Foundational principles of inheritance established by Gregor Mendel, covering dominant and recessive traits.
- Genetic Mutations: Variations in DNA sequences; can have beneficial, harmful, or neutral effects on an individual’s traits.
- Biotechnology Applications: Utilizes genetic engineering techniques, including CRISPR technology and cloning, for advancements in medicine and agriculture.