Cellular Adaptations
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Questions and Answers

What is an example of physiological atrophy?

  • Atrophy of the ovary and breast after menopause (correct)
  • Ischemic atrophy
  • Neuropathic atrophy
  • Pressure atrophy
  • What leads to pressure atrophy of hepatocytes?

  • Extracellular deposition of amyloid substance (correct)
  • Genetic reprogramming of epithelial stem cell
  • Chronic irritation due to smoking
  • Decreased blood supply due to atherosclerosis
  • What is the main difference between metaplasia and atrophy?

  • Metaplasia is a reversible change, while atrophy is irreversible (correct)
  • Metaplasia is a normal physiological process, while atrophy is a pathological process
  • Metaplasia occurs in epithelial cells, while atrophy occurs in mesenchymal cells
  • Metaplasia is a type of atrophy
  • What can lead to cancer transformation in metaplastic epithelium?

    <p>Persistent influences that induce metaplastic transformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of neuropathic atrophy?

    <p>When a motor nerve supplying a muscle is affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hyperplasia?

    <p>An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to increase in the number of constituent parenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

    <p>Muscles of athletes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of decrease in both the number and size of cells in an organ?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the adaptation of cells to changes in their environment that may be either physiological or pathological?

    <p>Cellular adaptation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the change in cell type in response to changes in the environment?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Adaptations

    • Cells must adapt to changes in their environment, which can be physiological or pathological.

    Types of Cellular Adaptations

    • Hyperplasia: increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of constituent cells.
      • Physiological Hyperplasia: e.g. hormonal (female breast during puberty and pregnancy), compensatory (hyperplasia of liver hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy).
      • Pathological Hyperplasia: increased level of circulating hormones → hyperplasia in target organs, e.g. endometrium due to estrogen, senile prostatic hyperplasia due to androgen and estrogen.

    Hypertrophy

    • Definition: increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to enlargement of individual cells without an increase in cell number.
    • Types of Hypertrophy:
      • Physiological Hypertrophy: e.g. pregnant uterus, muscles of athletes.
      • Pathological Hypertrophy (Adaptive Hypertrophy): e.g. stomach in pyloric stenosis, cardiac muscle hypertrophy in hypertension.

    Atrophy

    • Definition: reduction of the size of an organ after reaching its normal adult size, usually due to a decrease in both the number and size of cells.
    • Types of Atrophy:
      • Physiological Atrophy: e.g. atrophy of the ovary and breast after menopause, senile atrophy of the heart.
      • Pathological Atrophy: e.g. ischemic atrophy (decrease in blood supply), pressure atrophy (long continued pressure on a tissue leading to decreased blood supply), neuropathic atrophy (e.g. poliomyelitis), decreased work load (e.g. immobilized limb), starvation (leading to generalized atrophy).

    Metaplasia

    • Definition: reversible change in which an adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type of the same tissue.
    • Examples: squamous metaplasia due to chronic irritation in transitional epithelium of urinary bladder (e.g. bilharziasis or stones), columnar epithelium of gall bladder (e.g. stones), pseudostratified ciliated columnar respiratory epithelium (e.g. smoking).
    • Importance: adaptive metaplastic epithelium is better able to survive, but may lead to loss of important protective mechanisms, and potentially cancer transformation if the inducing influences persist.

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    Description

    Learn about the different types of cellular adaptations, including hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, and metaplasia, and how cells respond to changes in their environment.

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