Cellular Adaptations in Biology
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Questions and Answers

What primarily causes atrophy in cells?

  • Higher cell count
  • Enhanced blood supply
  • Increased metabolic activity
  • Decreased protein synthesis (correct)

    • Which of the following is an example of physiological atrophy?

  • Thymus gland during fetal development (correct)
  • Atrophy of skeletal muscles due to lack of use
  • Atrophy of the heart from ischemia
  • Loss of nerve stimulation in muscles

    • What type of atrophy occurs due to decreased workload?

  • Atrophy of disuse (correct)
  • Senile atrophy
  • Denervation atrophy
  • Ischemia atrophy

    • Which mechanism is involved in the process of metaplasia?

    <p>Reprogramming of local tissue stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metaplasia involves the replacement of columnar cells with squamous cells?

    <p>Respiratory squamous metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of ischemia atrophy?

    <p>Arterial occlusive disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about metaplasia is true?

    <p>It is a reversible change in cell type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of metaplasia occurs when muscle tissue is replaced by bone?

    <p>Osseous metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of cellular adaptations?

    <p>Reversible changes in the number or size of cells in response to environmental changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cellular adaptation?

    <p>Necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular adaptation is characterized by an increase in cell size?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of physiologic hypertrophy?

    <p>Increased functional demand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adaptation can occur alongside hypertrophy during pregnancy?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism behind hypertrophy?

    <p>Increase in synthesis of structural proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in cell size?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly the result of pathological adaptations?

    <p>Modulation of structure and function to escape injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypertrophy primarily characterized by?

    <p>Increase in cell size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hyperplasia occurs in the female breast during puberty?

    <p>Hormonal hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of pathologic hypertrophy?

    <p>Left Ventricle Hypertrophy due to hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes hyperplasia?

    <p>Increase in cell number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism leads to compensatory hyperplasia?

    <p>Proliferation of surrounding cells due to damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of atrophy?

    <p>Increase in cell number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically triggers pathologic hyperplasia?

    <p>Excessive hormone or growth factor action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?

    <p>Proliferation of breast tissue during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular adaptation is characterized by a change or replacement of cell type?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with squamous metaplasia in the lower esophagus?

    <p>Chronic acid reflux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most common cause of cell injury?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury?

    <p>Reversible injury may be corrected if the damaging stimulus is removed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is NOT involved in the etiology of cell injury?

    <p>Environmental conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes an increase in the number of cells?

    <p>Hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which change occurs in the respiratory tract due to smoking?

    <p>Columnar to squamous metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell injury is characterized by functional and structural alterations that are correctable?

    <p>Reversible cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Adaptations

    • Cells adapt to stress in response to various stimuli.
    • Adaptations can be reversible and are changes in number, size, phenotype, metabolic activity, or functions of cells.
    • Physiologic adaptations are responses to normal stimulation by hormones or chemical mediators.
    • Pathologic adaptations are responses to stress that allow cells to escape injury.

    Types of Cellular Adaptations

    • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size, leading to increased organ size.
      • Caused by increased synthesis of structural proteins and organelles.
      • Affects cells incapable of proliferation, like cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and nerve cells.
      • Can occur physiologically (e.g., skeletal muscle hypertrophy in bodybuilders) or pathologically (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension).
    • Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number, leading to increased organ size.
      • Usually caused by hormonal stimulation.
      • Involves the production of new cells from stem cells.
      • Can occur physiologically (e.g., hormonal hyperplasia of the breast during pregnancy) or pathologically (e.g., endometrial hyperplasia due to excess estrogen).
    • Atrophy: Decrease in cell size or number, leading to decreased organ size.
      • Results from decreased protein synthesis and increased proteolysis.
      • Can occur physiologically (e.g., atrophy of fetal organs like the thymus) or pathologically (e.g., atrophy of muscles due to immobilization).
      • Common causes of pathologic atrophy include:
        • Decreased workload
        • Loss of innervation
        • Diminished blood supply
        • Inadequate nutrition
        • Pressure atrophy
    • Metaplasia: Reversible change where one cell type is replaced by another.
      • Caused by persistent stress or irritation.
      • Involves reprogramming of tissue stem cells or colonization by differentiated cells from adjacent sites.
      • Can be epithelial (e.g., squamous metaplasia in the respiratory tract due to smoking) or mesenchymal (e.g., Osseous metaplasia in muscle after injury).

    Cell Injury

    • Cell injury results in cellular dysfunction and loss of function.
    • Cell response to injury depends on the type of cell and the severity of the injury.
    • Injury can be reversible or irreversible.

    Etiology of Cell Injury

    • Hypoxia and Ischemia: Oxygen deficiency is the most common cause of cell injury.
    • Physical agents: e.g., trauma, temperature extremes, radiation, electrical shock.
    • Chemical agents and drugs: e.g., poisons, drugs, pollutants.
    • Microbial agents: e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites.
    • Immunologic agents: e.g., autoimmune reactions, hypersensitivity reactions.
    • Nutritional derangements: e.g., deficiencies, excesses.
    • Ageing: contributes to cellular deterioration.
    • Psychogenic diseases: e.g., stress-related disorders.
    • Iatrogenic factors: injury caused by medical treatment.
    • Idiopathic diseases: diseases with unknown causes.
    • Genetic causes: e.g., inherited metabolic disorders.

    Cell Injury: Types

    • Reversible cell injury: functional and structural alterations are correctable if the damaging stimulus is removed.
    • Irreversible cell injury: leads to cell death.

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    Related Documents

    D2 Cell Adaptations & Cell Injury Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the various cellular adaptations that occur in response to stress stimuli. This quiz covers the mechanisms of hypertrophy and hyperplasia, alongside their physiological and pathological contexts, providing insight into how cells adjust and survive under different conditions.

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