Pathology Overview and Causes of Disease

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Questions and Answers

What occurs when the adaptive response of a cell is not possible?

Irreversible cell injury and cell death may occur. (correct)

The cells will undergo hypertrophy.

Cell injury is generally reversible.

Cells will inevitably regenerate.

Which process describes the increase in the number of cells?

Dysplasia

Hyperplasia (correct)

Atrophy

Hypertrophy

What is an example of reversible cell injury?

Atrophy

Metaplasia

Dysplasia

Fatty change (correct)

Which of the following terms describes the transformation of one type of tissue to another within the same basic type?

Metaplasia Signup and view all the answers

How can cell injury be categorized?

Reversible and irreversible injury Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of pancreatic fat necrosis?

Injury or inflammation of the pancreas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes dry gangrene?

Blood supply to tissue is completely cut off Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily observed microscopically in early fat necrosis lesions?

Non-nucleated adipocytes and foamy macrophages Signup and view all the answers

What substances can fatty acids in fat necrosis combine with?

Sodium, potassium, and calcium Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis is characterized by the area draining fluid and having a foul odor?

Gangrenous necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately defines pathology?

Pathology is the study of suffering with a focus on diagnosing diseases. Signup and view all the answers

What role does pathology play in patient care?

It bridges science and medicine, influencing diagnosis and treatment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to cellular adaptation, injury, or death?

Genetic mutations solely caused by environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a chemical irritant?

Sudden change in atmospheric pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What does the core of pathology NOT include?

Patient psychological evaluations. Signup and view all the answers

What commonly results from excessive physiologic stresses on normal cells?

Alterations in size, function, and number of cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered an endogenous cause of cellular injury?

Genetic defects leading to hypersensitivity. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding pathogenesis is false?

Pathogenesis is the only focus of pathology. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of fatty liver related to lipid mobilization?

Increased mobilization of lipids from adipose tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes programmed cell death?

Apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic morphological feature of apoptosis?

Cytoplasmic and nuclear condensation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cell death types is primarily triggered by oxidative stress?

Ferroptosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of apoptosis occurs in normal cells at the end of their life span?

Physiological apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of defects in the apoptotic machinery?

Autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the process of necroptosis?

It is a regulated necrosis often triggered by death ligands. Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately characterizes somatic death?

Irreversible cessation of all vital functions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between apoptosis and necrosis?

Necrosis involves cellular swelling while apoptosis involves cell shrinkage. Signup and view all the answers

Which morphological feature is characteristic of necrosis?

Cellular leakage of contents Signup and view all the answers

What type of necrosis is described as transforming tissue into a liquefied cavity?

Liquefactive necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes coagulative necrosis?

Maintains tissue architecture for several days. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does P53 generally have on cells in response to DNA damage?

Increases production of apoptotic bodies. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis is described as a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis?

Caseous necrosis Signup and view all the answers

How does necrosis typically affect cells compared to apoptosis?

Necrosis triggers an immune response with inflammation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of apoptosis?

Loss of membrane integrity Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathology

Pathology is the study of disease.
Pathology provides a foundation for medical practices.
Pathology is the bridge between science and medicine and underpins patient care.
Pathology is a central aspect of diagnostics and treatment.

Causes of Cellular Adaptations, Injury, and Death

Pathological conditions are caused by infectious agents, physical irritants, chemical irritants, hypoxia or anoxia, nutritional imbalances, and endogenous causes.
Infectious agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Physical irritants include extremes of temperature, radiation, mechanical trauma, and changes in atmospheric pressure.
Chemical irritants include caustic agents, poisons, venom, and pollutants.
Hypoxia and anoxia are caused by lack of blood supply or oxygenation.
Nutritional imbalances include protein and vitamin deficiencies.
Endogenous causes include genetic defects, hypersensitivity, and autoimmune reactions.

Cellular Adaptations

Cells can adapt to stressors by altering function, size, or number.
Cellular adaptations are reversible.
Atrophy is a decrease in cell size.
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size.
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number.
Metaplasia is a change in cell type within the same basic tissue.
Dysplasia is a change in the shape, size, and orientation of cells.

Reversible Cell Injury

Reversible injury can be reversed, restoring normal cellular function.
Cell swelling occurs when ionic balance is disrupted, and sodium and water enter the cell.
Fatty change (lipidosis or steatosis) is abnormal intracellular accumulation of neutral fat, particularly in the liver.
Fatty change can be caused by increased mobilization of lipids, impaired removal, increased synthesis of fatty acids, and reduced formation of lipoproteins.

Cell Death

Cell death is the permanent loss of cell function and structure.
Apoptosis is a programmed cell death pathway.
Necrosis is pathological unregulated cell death.
Necroptosis is regulated necrosis triggered by death ligands.
Pyroptosis is inflammasome-mediated cell death triggered by pathogens.
Ferroptosis/Oxytosis is a regulated cell death triggered by oxidative stress.
Autophagy is cellular self-digestion, recycling cellular components.

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a common cell death pathway involved in development and homeostasis.
Apoptosis features include cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, nuclear fragmentation, formation of apoptotic bodies, and phagocytosis by neighboring cells.

Types of Apoptosis

Physiological apoptosis occurs in normal cells at the end of their life span.
Pathological apoptosis occurs in cells infected with viruses, cells of the immune system, cells with DNA damage, and cancer cells.

Necrosis

Necrosis features include cell swelling, nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis), loss of membrane integrity, leakage of cellular contents, and inflammation.

Types of Necrosis

Coagulative necrosis results from protein denaturation and maintains tissue architecture.
Liquefactive necrosis results from enzymatic digestion, transforming tissue into a liquefied cavity.
Caseous necrosis is a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis, transforming tissue into friable, cheese-like material.
Fat necrosis is the necrosis of adipose tissue, resulting from the release of triglycerides and breakdown by lipases.
Gangrenous necrosis is a massive ischemic tissue necrosis.

Types of Gangrenous Necrosis

Dry gangrene (coagulative necrosis) occurs when blood supply is cut off, making the area dry, shrunken, and black.
Wet gangrene (liquefactive necrosis) occurs when bacteria invade the area, causing swelling, drainage, and foul odor.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of pathology, including the study of disease and its impact on medicine. It delves into the causes of cellular adaptations, injury, and death, elucidating various infectious agents and irritants. Understand how pathology serves as a bridge between science and patient care.