Podcast
Questions and Answers
Define cellular adaptation.
Define cellular adaptation.
Reversible functional and structural response to more severe physiologic stresses and some pathologic stimuli resulting in new but altered steady state.
What is hyperplasia?
What is hyperplasia?
Increase in the number of cells.
Explain hypertrophy.
Explain hypertrophy.
Increase in the size of cells or organ.
Describe atrophy.
Describe atrophy.
What is metaplasia?
What is metaplasia?
Explain physiologic hyperplasia.
Explain physiologic hyperplasia.
Give an example of pathologic hyperplasia.
Give an example of pathologic hyperplasia.
What characterizes hypertrophy?
What characterizes hypertrophy?
What are the organs responsible for blood oxygenation and possible compensation mechanisms?
What are the organs responsible for blood oxygenation and possible compensation mechanisms?
What is the fastest compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis?
What is the fastest compensatory mechanism for respiratory acidosis?
How does hyperventilation relate to hypoxia?
How does hyperventilation relate to hypoxia?
What can tachycardia lead to in terms of myocardial oxygen need?
What can tachycardia lead to in terms of myocardial oxygen need?
In what condition does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system get activated?
In what condition does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system get activated?
What is the consequence of increased erythropoietin synthesis in the kidneys?
What is the consequence of increased erythropoietin synthesis in the kidneys?
What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve describe?
What does the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve describe?
What effect does hyperventilation have on blood pH?
What effect does hyperventilation have on blood pH?
Define cyanosis.
Define cyanosis.
What level of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the arteries is associated with central cyanosis?
What level of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the arteries is associated with central cyanosis?
In what conditions might cyanosis not be clinically evident in a patient with severe anemia?
In what conditions might cyanosis not be clinically evident in a patient with severe anemia?
What is the difference between central and peripheral cyanosis?
What is the difference between central and peripheral cyanosis?
What is a symptom of hypoxia that is subjective and involves difficulty breathing?
What is a symptom of hypoxia that is subjective and involves difficulty breathing?
Name a congenital heart pathology associated with central cyanosis.
Name a congenital heart pathology associated with central cyanosis.
What are some symptoms caused by compensatory mechanisms in response to hypoxia?
What are some symptoms caused by compensatory mechanisms in response to hypoxia?
What is another term for peripheral cyanosis seen in the upper and lower extremities?
What is another term for peripheral cyanosis seen in the upper and lower extremities?
What are the morphological signs of acute pulmonary congestion with pulmonary edema?
What are the morphological signs of acute pulmonary congestion with pulmonary edema?
How does interstitial pulmonary edema differ from alveolar pulmonary edema?
How does interstitial pulmonary edema differ from alveolar pulmonary edema?
What are the morphological signs of chronic pulmonary congestion?
What are the morphological signs of chronic pulmonary congestion?
What is the cause of blood congestion in the liver according to the scheme?
What is the cause of blood congestion in the liver according to the scheme?
What are the symptoms associated with blood congestion caused by right-sided heart failure?
What are the symptoms associated with blood congestion caused by right-sided heart failure?
Describe the norm of peripheral edema according to the blood circulation scheme.
Describe the norm of peripheral edema according to the blood circulation scheme.
What may occur in acute blood congestion in the lungs with pulmonary edema?
What may occur in acute blood congestion in the lungs with pulmonary edema?
What is the role of haemosiderinladed macrophages in chronic pulmonary congestion?
What is the role of haemosiderinladed macrophages in chronic pulmonary congestion?
What is the significance of methemoglobinemia in relation to oxygen uptake?
What is the significance of methemoglobinemia in relation to oxygen uptake?
How does carbon monoxide affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
How does carbon monoxide affect the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
What structural difference does fetal hemoglobin have compared to adult hemoglobin?
What structural difference does fetal hemoglobin have compared to adult hemoglobin?
What is the biological significance of inflammation?
What is the biological significance of inflammation?
Give examples of conditions or diseases associated with inflammation.
Give examples of conditions or diseases associated with inflammation.
How is inflammation connected to repair, regeneration, and healing?
How is inflammation connected to repair, regeneration, and healing?
What are the two opposing aspects of the biological meaning of inflammation?
What are the two opposing aspects of the biological meaning of inflammation?
What are some consequences of inflammation when it becomes harmful?
What are some consequences of inflammation when it becomes harmful?
What is the hallmark sign of dystrophic calcification?
What is the hallmark sign of dystrophic calcification?
Which condition is NOT associated with metastatic calcification?
Which condition is NOT associated with metastatic calcification?
What organ is commonly affected by metastatic calcification?
What organ is commonly affected by metastatic calcification?
What is the primary cause of cholestasis?
What is the primary cause of cholestasis?
In cellular aging, what physiological changes are observed in almost all organs and systems?
In cellular aging, what physiological changes are observed in almost all organs and systems?
What distinguishes metastatic calcification from dystrophic calcification?
What distinguishes metastatic calcification from dystrophic calcification?
What is the main cause of histotoxic hypoxia?
What is the main cause of histotoxic hypoxia?
Which condition is characterized by cyanosis caused by cessation of aerobic cell metabolism?
Which condition is characterized by cyanosis caused by cessation of aerobic cell metabolism?
How does cyanide poisoning affect cellular metabolism?
How does cyanide poisoning affect cellular metabolism?
Which substance is known to block Krebs cycle enzymes?
Which substance is known to block Krebs cycle enzymes?
In circulatory hypoxia, what initial blood parameter may be normal despite decreased oxygen delivery?
In circulatory hypoxia, what initial blood parameter may be normal despite decreased oxygen delivery?
What leads to mixed hypoxia that includes both circulatory and respiratory components?
What leads to mixed hypoxia that includes both circulatory and respiratory components?
What is the basis of pathogenesis for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) syndrome?
What is the basis of pathogenesis for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) syndrome?
In which conditions can arterial thrombosis occur?
In which conditions can arterial thrombosis occur?
What condition can lead to the formation of emboli from thrombi in the heart, aorta, and arteries causing brain or kidney damage?
What condition can lead to the formation of emboli from thrombi in the heart, aorta, and arteries causing brain or kidney damage?
Which clinical condition can be characterized by pain, edema with possible collaterals, and PATE?
Which clinical condition can be characterized by pain, edema with possible collaterals, and PATE?
What is a potential consequence of clot formation in the heart in cases of bacterial endocarditis?
What is a potential consequence of clot formation in the heart in cases of bacterial endocarditis?
What are the main morphological components of acute inflammation?
What are the main morphological components of acute inflammation?
What causes increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation?
What causes increased vascular permeability in acute inflammation?
Which component is mainly observed in Helicobacter pylori gastritis?
Which component is mainly observed in Helicobacter pylori gastritis?
What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation compared to acute inflammation?
What are the etiological factors of acute inflammation?
What are the etiological factors of acute inflammation?
What characterizes chronic inflammation with regards to leukocyte presence?
What characterizes chronic inflammation with regards to leukocyte presence?
What is the pH range for transudate?
What is the pH range for transudate?
Which type of exudate involves the highest content of proteins?
Which type of exudate involves the highest content of proteins?
What is the primary factor that causes leukocytes emigration to the focus of inflammation?
What is the primary factor that causes leukocytes emigration to the focus of inflammation?
According to the Law on leukocytes emigration, what is the sequence in which different types of leukocytes migrate to the focus of inflammation?
According to the Law on leukocytes emigration, what is the sequence in which different types of leukocytes migrate to the focus of inflammation?
What does 'Restitutio incompleta' refer to in terms of local inflammation?
What does 'Restitutio incompleta' refer to in terms of local inflammation?
What is the mechanism provided by which leukocyte emigration is facilitated during inflammation?
What is the mechanism provided by which leukocyte emigration is facilitated during inflammation?
