Cells: The Basic Units of Life

Questions and Answers

What term is used for a plant that grows on another plant and takes nutrients from it?

Predator

Parasite (correct)

Host

Insectivorous

What feature of the pitcher plant helps trap insects?

Leaves

Flowers

Hairs (correct)

Roots

Why do insectivorous plants, despite being green, eat insects?

They only grow in water

They cannot photosynthesize

They lack sunlight

They need additional nutrients (correct)

What is the modified part of the plant called that traps insects in the pitcher plant?

Leaf Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of insectivorous plants?

They get all nutrients from soil Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrients do insectivorous plants primarily seek from insects?

Proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that allows plants to make their own food?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes organisms that cannot make their own food?

Heterotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Where do plants primarily synthesize their food?

In their leaves Signup and view all the answers

What do plants absorb from the soil to aid in food production?

Water and minerals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a nutrient required by living organisms?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrition do plants exhibit?

Autotrophic nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of nutrients for living organisms?

To build bodies and provide energy Signup and view all the answers

Which substance do plants take in from the air for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chlorophyll in leaves?

To capture sunlight for photosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

What structure in a cell contains the genetic material?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the plant is responsible for the absorption of water and minerals?

Roots Signup and view all the answers

What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?

Absorbs light energy from the sun Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a plant primarily absorbs carbon dioxide?

Stomata Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during photosynthesis that is essential for the survival of living organisms?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary product of photosynthesis?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer boundary of a cell called?

Cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is necessary for photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

Which plants are designed to minimize water loss?

Desert plants Signup and view all the answers

What does the photosynthesis equation represent?

Conversion of sunlight into chemical energy Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of plants making food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What do stomata regulate in plants?

Gas exchange Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

It is released into the atmosphere Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the iodine test in the activity described?

To check for starch presence Signup and view all the answers

In addition to leaves, where else can photosynthesis occur in plants?

In green stems and branches Signup and view all the answers

What causes leaves other than green to appear in various colors?

The presence of pigments that mask the green color Signup and view all the answers

How do algae prepare their food?

Through photosynthesis, using chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

What do plants synthesize from carbohydrates?

Various substances including proteins and fats Signup and view all the answers

From where do plants obtain nitrogen?

From certain bacteria in the soil Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of nutrition used by plants that do not have chlorophyll?

Heterotrophic mode Signup and view all the answers

What does Cuscuta (Amarbel) do to obtain nutrients?

Take readymade food from other plants Signup and view all the answers

Why can’t plants absorb nitrogen from the air directly?

It is in a gaseous form Signup and view all the answers

What role does chlorophyll play in algae?

It allows them to appear green Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of nutrition for fungi?

Saprotrophic nutrition Signup and view all the answers

Why can't fungi make food through photosynthesis?

They lack chlorophyll. Signup and view all the answers

What do fungi secrete to aid in nutrient absorption?

Digestive enzymes Signup and view all the answers

Where do fungi typically grow?

On decaying organic matter Signup and view all the answers

What happens when bread is left in a moist, warm place for a few days?

Fungi will grow on it. Signup and view all the answers

What are organisms that acquire nutrients through saprotrophic nutrition called?

Saprotrophs Signup and view all the answers

What is the observation on bread that indicates fungal growth?

Fluffy patches appearing Signup and view all the answers

During which season do fungi often appear suddenly, especially on shoes left outside?

Rainy season Signup and view all the answers

What do fertilizers and manures provide to the soil?

Plant nutrients Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium converts atmospheric nitrogen into a soluble form?

Rhizobium Signup and view all the answers

What is a symbiotic relationship?

A mutually beneficial association between different organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a symbiotic relationship?

Bacteria living in the roots of legumes Signup and view all the answers

What role does the fungus play in lichens?

Provides shelter and minerals Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants typically has a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium?

Legumes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fungi are known to cause diseases?

Pathogenic fungi Signup and view all the answers

What can be done to protect items from fungal spoilage?

Maintain dry and ventilated conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which plants make their own food called?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the plant primarily acts as the food factory?

Leaves Signup and view all the answers

What are plants classified as in terms of nutrition?

Autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Which raw materials do plants use for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide and water Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are dependent on plants for their food intake?

Heterotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Where do plants absorb water and minerals necessary for food production?

From the roots Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of nutrition in plants?

The mode of taking and utilizing food Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes autotrophs from heterotrophs?

Autotrophs can produce their own food Signup and view all the answers

What type of nutrition do fungi utilize to absorb nutrients?

Saprotrophic nutrition Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are specifically referred to as saprotrophs?

Fungi that absorb nutrients from decaying matter Signup and view all the answers

What is a common observation made with fungi on bread?

They form fluffy patches Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing fungal growth on materials like shoes?

Exposure to sunlight Signup and view all the answers

How do fungi differ from green plants in terms of nutrition?

Fungi cannot photosynthesize Signup and view all the answers

What happens to bread left in a warm moist environment for several days?

It develops mold and fungi Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of digestive juices secreted by fungi?

To break down decaying material Signup and view all the answers

What type of environments do fungi thrive in?

Hot and humid environments Signup and view all the answers

What do fertilizers and manures provide to the soil?

Nutrients like nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous Signup and view all the answers

Why do plants require nitrogen?

To synthesize proteins Signup and view all the answers

How do plants typically obtain nitrogen?

Via symbiotic bacteria like Rhizobium Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium bacteria and legumes?

Plants provide food while bacteria provide nutrients Signup and view all the answers

What role do fungi play in the symbiotic relationships with trees?

They provide nutrients to the trees Signup and view all the answers

What do lichens consist of?

A fungus and a chlorophyll-containing partner Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of using manure in soil?

It adds organic matter and nutrients Signup and view all the answers

How can some fungi be beneficial despite some causing diseases?

They can be used in medicine Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cells

Cells are the tiny units that make up the bodies of living organisms.
Cells can be seen only under a microscope.
Some organisms are made of only one cell.
A cell has a thin outer boundary called the cell membrane.
Most cells have a distinct, centrally located spherical structure called the nucleus.
The nucleus is surrounded by a jelly-like substance called cytoplasm.

Structure of a Leaf

The tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves are surrounded by 'guard cells'.
These pores are called stomata.

Photosynthesis

Chlorophyll, a green pigment, helps leaves capture the energy of sunlight.
This energy is used to synthesise food from carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis occurs in the presence of sunlight.
Chlorophyll, sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are necessary for photosynthesis.
Sun is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms.
Without photosynthesis, there would be no food, and survival of almost all living organisms would be impossible.

Colours of Leaves

Leaves of colours other than green also have chlorophyll.
Red, brown, and other pigments mask the green colour.
Photosynthesis takes place in these leaves as well.

Algae

Algae are green in colour due to the presence of chlorophyll.
Algae can prepare their own food by photosynthesis.

Synthesis of Plant Food

Carbohydrates are synthesised through photosynthesis.
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of proteins and fats.
Plants obtain nitrogen from the air, but it needs to be converted into a usable form.
Soil bacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into a soluble form, which is absorbed by plants.

Heterotrophic Mode of Nutrition

Some plants do not have chlorophyll and cannot synthesise their own food.
These plants use the heterotrophic mode of nutrition, relying on other plants for food.

Parasitic Plants

Parasitic plants grow on other plants and take valuable nutrients from them.
Examples include Cuscuta (Amarbel).

Insectivorous Plants

Insectivorous plants eat insects to obtain nutrients.
Pitcher plants have a modified part that traps insects and digests them.
Insectivorous plants may receive some nutrients from the soil, but also obtain nutrients by eating insects.

Photosynthesis in Plants

Photosynthesis occurs in leaves, green stems, and green branches.
Desert plants have adapted to reduce water loss by transpiration.

How Photosynthesis Works

Light energy is absorbed by plants.
Carbon dioxide and water are absorbed by plants.
Chlorophyll absorbs light energy.
A chemical reaction converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
Glucose is used by plants for energy and growth.
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere.

Photosynthesis Equation

Carbon dioxide + water → Carbohydrate + oxygen

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Description

Learn about the structure and components of cells, including the cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.