Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors in Antibiotics

Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

• Penicillins: Include Penicillin G, Penicillin V, and Amoxicillin. Primarily effective against Gram-positive bacteria.
• Cephalosporins: Derived from Cephalosporium, with generations ranging from 1st to 5th.
• Carbapenems: Broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
• Monobactams: Such as Aztreonam, targeting Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Mechanism of Action

• Beta-lactam antibiotics: Disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), leading to bacterial cell lysis.

Bacterial Resistance

• Mechanisms include beta-lactamase activity, alteration of PBPs, and reduced drug permeability.

Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

• Examples like Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, and Tazobactam protect penicillins from enzyme inactivation.

Therapeutic Uses

• Penicillins are used for skin and soft tissue infections.
• Cephalosporins are used for respiratory, urinary, and soft tissue infections.

Adverse Effects

• Both penicillins and cephalosporins can cause hypersensitivity reactions and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Carbapenems and Monobactams

• Carbapenems: Potent broad-spectrum antibiotics.
• Monobactams: Like Aztreonam, target Gram-negative bacteria.