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Questions and Answers
What are the primary components of Wright's stain?
What are the primary components of Wright's stain?
- Eosin and azure
- Methylene blue and azure
- Eosin and methylene blue (correct)
- Azure and eosin
What is the purpose of using normal saline solution for preparing cheek epithelial cell mounts?
What is the purpose of using normal saline solution for preparing cheek epithelial cell mounts?
- To enhance the color of the cells
- To change the cell structure
- To increase cell division
- To prevent osmotic imbalance (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a role of methylene blue in cheek cell staining?
Which of the following is NOT a role of methylene blue in cheek cell staining?
- Improving visibility of structures
- Enhancing contrast
- Increasing cell size (correct)
- Staining nuclei
Why is cell integrity important during the staining process?
Why is cell integrity important during the staining process?
Which stain is commonly used in hematology and histology, among others?
Which stain is commonly used in hematology and histology, among others?
What is the primary advantage of the wet mount method?
What is the primary advantage of the wet mount method?
What is the function of microscope cell staining?
What is the function of microscope cell staining?
Which dye is specifically highlighted for staining animal, bacterial, and blood tissue specimens?
Which dye is specifically highlighted for staining animal, bacterial, and blood tissue specimens?
Iodine is particularly useful for staining which type of cell feature?
Iodine is particularly useful for staining which type of cell feature?
Which of the following describes the primary use of the wet mount method?
Which of the following describes the primary use of the wet mount method?
Which of the following stains is NOT considered a basic dye?
Which of the following stains is NOT considered a basic dye?
What is one purpose of using different stains in microscopy?
What is one purpose of using different stains in microscopy?
Which component is commonly stained with safranin in microscopic preparations?
Which component is commonly stained with safranin in microscopic preparations?
What is the primary outcome of mitosis?
What is the primary outcome of mitosis?
What is the term 'meristem' associated with in onion root tips?
What is the term 'meristem' associated with in onion root tips?
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equator?
Which stage of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes at the cell's equator?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for using onion root tips in laboratory experiments?
Which of the following is NOT a reason for using onion root tips in laboratory experiments?
What does the mitotic index indicate?
What does the mitotic index indicate?
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
In which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
What does the term 'proliferation' refer to in the context of mitosis?
What does the term 'proliferation' refer to in the context of mitosis?
At which zone of the onion root does cell elongation primarily occur?
At which zone of the onion root does cell elongation primarily occur?
What is the primary purpose of staining bacterial cells?
What is the primary purpose of staining bacterial cells?
Which type of stain is used for simple staining of bacterial cells?
Which type of stain is used for simple staining of bacterial cells?
What characteristic of basic stains enables them to bind to bacterial components?
What characteristic of basic stains enables them to bind to bacterial components?
Why are living bacterial cells often difficult to see under a light microscope?
Why are living bacterial cells often difficult to see under a light microscope?
What is one effect of staining cell walls in onion cells?
What is one effect of staining cell walls in onion cells?
In a simple stain, what happens to the bacterial cells?
In a simple stain, what happens to the bacterial cells?
What role does iodine serve in the preparation of plant tissue specimens?
What role does iodine serve in the preparation of plant tissue specimens?
What is a major limitation of viewing living bacteria under a microscope?
What is a major limitation of viewing living bacteria under a microscope?
What is the primary event occurring during anaphase of mitosis?
What is the primary event occurring during anaphase of mitosis?
What is observed during the prophase stage of mitosis?
What is observed during the prophase stage of mitosis?
Which statement best describes cytokinesis?
Which statement best describes cytokinesis?
During which phase do chromosomes appear as a chromatin mass at the poles?
During which phase do chromosomes appear as a chromatin mass at the poles?
What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?
What occurs during metaphase of mitosis?
What signifies the end of mitosis before cytokinesis occurs?
What signifies the end of mitosis before cytokinesis occurs?
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the most prominent nuclear boundary?
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the most prominent nuclear boundary?
What initiates the process of cytokinesis after mitosis?
What initiates the process of cytokinesis after mitosis?
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Study Notes
Cell Visualization and Staining Techniques
- Cheek cell visualization: requires staining to enhance contrast and visibility of organelles.
- Plant tissue (onion) preparation: involves staining with iodine to highlight cell walls and improve contrast.
- Bacterial cell staining: living bacteria are nearly colorless; simple stains (e.g., methylene blue) increase contrast for easier observation under a light microscope. Basic stains bind to negatively charged cell components.
Microscopy and Cell Morphology
- Wet mount method: quick specimen preparation using a drop of liquid between a slide and coverslip; suitable for microscopic organisms.
- Microscope slide staining: enhances visualization of cells and structures; various dyes like methylene blue, crystal violet, malachite green, and safranin are used. Staining can also highlight metabolic processes or differentiate between live and dead cells.
Specific Dyes and Their Applications
- Methylene blue: highlights cell parts in animal, bacterial, and blood tissues; a 1% aqueous solution is commonly used.
- Iodine: binds to starch, creating a blue-black color; stains epidermal cells for better visibility.
- Wright stain: hematologic stain differentiating blood cell types; a mixture of eosin (red) and methylene blue.
- Giemsa stain: contains methylene blue, azure, and eosin; used in hematology, histology, cytology, and bacteriology.
Cheek Cell Preparation and Staining
- Normal saline solution: used for cheek cell preparation to maintain osmotic balance, preserve cell integrity, and facilitate staining.
- Methylene blue's role in cheek cell staining: stains nuclei, enhances contrast, and aids in cell observation
Mitosis and Onion Root Tip Experiments
- Mitosis: cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells; crucial for growth and repair; termed by Walter Flemming (1882).
- Onion root tip use in lab experiments: rapid growth and active cell division make all cell cycle stages easily visible; simple preparation and staining.
Onion Root Tip Zones
- Region of cell division (meristem): cells actively divide; minimal size increase.
- Region of elongation: cells enlarge, but do not divide; contributes to root lengthening.
- Region of maturation (differentiation/root-hair zone): cells mature into various primary tissues.
Observing Mitosis in Onion Root Tips
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Interphase: densely stained nucleus; distinct boundary; nucleolus may be visible.
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Prophase: chromatin appears as threads; nuclei may or may not be visible.
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Metaphase: no nuclear boundary; thick chromosomes at the equatorial plane.
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Anaphase: chromatid separation; chromosomes move apart.
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Telophase: chromosomes at poles as chromatin mass; nuclear membrane forms.
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Cytokinesis: cell plate formation; cell division into two daughter cells.
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Cytokinesis: physical separation of one cell into two daughter cells at the end of the cell cycle.
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