Cell Theory (Bio MCAT) Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the components of cell theory? (Select all that apply)

All living things are made up of cells (correct)

Cells carry genetic information in the form of RNA

Cells are the smallest units of life (correct)

All cells come from pre-existing cells (correct)

Why do eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles?

Allows for compartmentalization of functions which allows for specialization.

What does the nucleus contain?

All the necessary genetic material for replication of the cell.

What is the nucleolus?

Where ribosomal RNA is synthesized. Signup and view all the answers

What are genes?

Coding regions on DNA. Signup and view all the answers

Describe mitochondrial division and function.

Outer membrane serves as a barrier. Inner membrane contains enzymes for the electron transport chain. Signup and view all the answers

How do mitochondria replicate?

Via binary fission. They contain their own genes. Signup and view all the answers

What do lysosomes contain?

Hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down substrates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids. Signup and view all the answers

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes for protein assembly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized and toxins are broken down. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Modifies and packages proteins for export. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytoskeleton?

Provides structure and helps maintain cell shape. Signup and view all the answers

What are microtubules?

Hollow rods that make up part of the cytoskeleton. Signup and view all the answers

What are microfilaments?

Compose actin and are involved in muscle contraction. Signup and view all the answers

What are intermediate filaments?

A diverse group of filamentous proteins involved in cell adhesion. Signup and view all the answers

What do peroxisomes contain?

Hydrogen peroxide. Signup and view all the answers

Are viruses considered living organisms?

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the point of membrane-bound organelles?

Allows for compartmentalization of functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is synthesized in the nucleolus?

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Theory

All living organisms consist of cells.
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
New cells arise only from pre-existing cells through division.
Cells carry genetic information as DNA, transmitted from parent to daughter cells.

Eukaryotic Cells

Possess membrane-bound organelles for compartmentalization, enhancing specialization of cellular functions.

Nucleus

Houses genetic material essential for cell replication.
Enclosed by a nuclear membrane, separating it from the cytoplasm.
Contains nuclear pores for selective exchange between the cytoplasm and nucleus.

Nucleolus

Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis within the nucleus.

Genes

Defined as coding regions within DNA that direct the synthesis of proteins.

Mitochondria

Surrounded by an outer membrane acting as a barrier and an inner membrane folded into cristae, housing enzymes for the electron transport chain.
Contains intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix.
Replicate independently via binary fission, possessing their own genetic material.

Lysosomes

Contain hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down various substrates.
Work with endosomes to transport and sort cellular materials.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A membrane system aiding in protein and lipid production, processing, and transport.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Studded with ribosomes, responsible for assembling proteins for transport.
Directly translates proteins destined for secretion into its lumen.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, regulates calcium levels, and detoxifies substances.
Transports proteins from RER to the Golgi apparatus.

Golgi Apparatus

Membrane system that modifies and packages proteins for cellular export.

Cytoskeleton

Provides structural support and maintains cellular shape.
Facilitates transport within the cell through three components: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

Microtubules

Hollow rods made of tubulin proteins; key for cell shape and movement.
Serve as tracks for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein to transport vesicles.

Microfilaments

Composed of actin, forming networks that resist compression and fracture.
Involved in muscle contraction and cytokinesis through their interaction with myosin.

Intermediate Filaments

Made of various filamentous proteins (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins).
Provide rigidity, help with cell adhesion, and anchor organelles.

Peroxisomes

Contain enzymes that produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide.
Break down long-chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation and participate in phospholipid synthesis.

Viruses

Classified as non-living because they cannot reproduce independently and often contain RNA as their genetic material.

Importance of Membrane-Bound Organelles

Compartmentalization allows for distinct cellular functions and processes.
Organelle membranes are primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer.

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Test your knowledge on Cell Theory with these flashcards. Learn about the fundamental components of cell theory and the significance of eukaryotic cells having membrane-bound organelles. Perfect for MCAT preparation!