Questions and Answers
What are the components of cell theory? (Select all that apply)
Why do eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles?
Allows for compartmentalization of functions which allows for specialization.
What does the nucleus contain?
All the necessary genetic material for replication of the cell.
What is the nucleolus?
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What are genes?
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Describe mitochondrial division and function.
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How do mitochondria replicate?
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What do lysosomes contain?
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What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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What are microtubules?
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What are microfilaments?
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What are intermediate filaments?
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What do peroxisomes contain?
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Are viruses considered living organisms?
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What is the point of membrane-bound organelles?
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What is synthesized in the nucleolus?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- All living organisms consist of cells.
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
- New cells arise only from pre-existing cells through division.
- Cells carry genetic information as DNA, transmitted from parent to daughter cells.
Eukaryotic Cells
- Possess membrane-bound organelles for compartmentalization, enhancing specialization of cellular functions.
Nucleus
- Houses genetic material essential for cell replication.
- Enclosed by a nuclear membrane, separating it from the cytoplasm.
- Contains nuclear pores for selective exchange between the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Nucleolus
- Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis within the nucleus.
Genes
- Defined as coding regions within DNA that direct the synthesis of proteins.
Mitochondria
- Surrounded by an outer membrane acting as a barrier and an inner membrane folded into cristae, housing enzymes for the electron transport chain.
- Contains intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix.
- Replicate independently via binary fission, possessing their own genetic material.
Lysosomes
- Contain hydrolytic enzymes for breaking down various substrates.
- Work with endosomes to transport and sort cellular materials.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- A membrane system aiding in protein and lipid production, processing, and transport.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
- Studded with ribosomes, responsible for assembling proteins for transport.
- Directly translates proteins destined for secretion into its lumen.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
- Lacks ribosomes; synthesizes lipids, regulates calcium levels, and detoxifies substances.
- Transports proteins from RER to the Golgi apparatus.
Golgi Apparatus
- Membrane system that modifies and packages proteins for cellular export.
Cytoskeleton
- Provides structural support and maintains cellular shape.
- Facilitates transport within the cell through three components: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
Microtubules
- Hollow rods made of tubulin proteins; key for cell shape and movement.
- Serve as tracks for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein to transport vesicles.
Microfilaments
- Composed of actin, forming networks that resist compression and fracture.
- Involved in muscle contraction and cytokinesis through their interaction with myosin.
Intermediate Filaments
- Made of various filamentous proteins (keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins).
- Provide rigidity, help with cell adhesion, and anchor organelles.
Peroxisomes
- Contain enzymes that produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide.
- Break down long-chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation and participate in phospholipid synthesis.
Viruses
- Classified as non-living because they cannot reproduce independently and often contain RNA as their genetic material.
Importance of Membrane-Bound Organelles
- Compartmentalization allows for distinct cellular functions and processes.
- Organelle membranes are primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
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Test your knowledge on Cell Theory with these flashcards. Learn about the fundamental components of cell theory and the significance of eukaryotic cells having membrane-bound organelles. Perfect for MCAT preparation!