Biología: Células y Teoría Celular
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Questions and Answers

¿Cuál de las siguientes opciones describe mejor a las células eucariotas?

  • Su ADN está protegido por un núcleo. (correct)
  • No tienen membrana celular.
  • Son siempre unicelulares.
  • Tienen ADN disperso en el citoplasma.
  • La teoría celular afirma que toda célula se origina a partir de la combinación de dos células preexistentes.

    False

    ¿Quién fue el científico que descubrió las células y en qué año lo hizo?

    Robert Hooke en 1665

    Los organismos necesitan materiales y energía para mantener su ______ y organización.

    <p>complejidad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empareja las características de los seres vivos con su descripción:

    <p>Crecimiento y desarrollo = Aumento del tamaño y número de células Metabolismo = Necesidad de energía y materiales Homeostasis = Regulación interna del organismo Reproducción = Transmisión de características a la siguiente generación</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de los siguientes enunciados es verdadero sobre los organismos procariotas?

    <p>Su ADN está disperso en la célula.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La evolución es un proceso que permite a los organismos adaptarse a su medio ambiente.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué demostró el test de Louis Pasteur sobre la generación espontánea?

    <p>Los microbios no nacen por generación espontánea de infusiones, sino que son causantes de la corrupción.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál de las siguientes estructuras se encuentra en las células procariotas?

    <p>Ribosomas 70 S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Las arqueas no poseen peptidoglicano en su pared celular.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué biomoléculas son consideradas los bloqueadores constructivos de las proteínas?

    <p>Aminoácidos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    El ácido desoxirribonucleico es conocido como _____.

    <p>ADN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relaciona el tipo de organismo con su clasificación:

    <p>Eucariota = Células con núcleo verdadero Procariota = Células sin núcleo Bacterias = Organismos unicelulares Arqueas = Organismos extremófilos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de enlace se forma entre los aminoácidos?

    <p>Enlace peptídico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Los eucariotas pueden llevar a cabo la fotosíntesis mientras que los procariotas no.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menciona una de las funciones de los lípidos.

    <p>Reserva energética</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Las células eucariotas poseen un _____ verdadero.

    <p>núcleo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es un ejemplo de un polisacárido?

    <p>Almidón</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Las células bacterianas son siempre perjudiciales para el ser humano.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué tipo de transporte se realiza a favor del gradiente sin gasto de energía?

    <p>Transporte pasivo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La estructura de los ribosomas en procariotas es de _____ S.

    <p>70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es una característica de las células procariotas?

    <p>No poseen organelos membranosos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Cuál es la función principal de los ribosomas en eucariotas?

    <p>Síntesis de proteínas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La elongación de la traducción es un proceso exclusivo de las células eucariotas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué es un polisoma?

    <p>Conjunto de ribosomas que traducen simultáneamente la misma molécula de ARN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La _____ es el proceso mediante el cual una proteína adquiere su estructura y función específica.

    <p>plegamiento</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empareja las alteraciones genéticas con sus definiciones:

    <p>Sustitución = Cambio de un nucleótido a otro Inserción = Ganancia de uno o más nucleótidos Deleción = Pérdida de uno o más nucleótidos Inversión = Intercambio de nucleótidos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué enunciado describe mejor la impronta genética?

    <p>Un alelo es inactivo mientras el otro es activo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    El catastrofismo y el gradualismo son teorías que explican los cambios geológicos de manera similar.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ¿Qué evidencia apoya la teoría de la evolución de Darwin?

    <p>Las observaciones de la distribución geográfica de especies en las islas Galápagos.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    El _____ es el proceso mediante el cual las especies evolucionan por rasgos heredables que favorecen la supervivencia.

    <p>selección natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empareja los autores con sus teorías sobre evolución:

    <p>Charles Darwin = Selección natural Jean-Baptiste Lamarck = Uso y desuso de partes Georges Cuvier = Catastrofismo James Hutton = Gradualismo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Una inversión genética se refiere a:

    <p>La inversión de un segmento del cromosoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Un poliploide tiene un número normal de cromosomas en las células.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define aneuploidía.

    <p>Alteraciones genéticas debido a un número erróneo de cromosomas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Los restos de organismos del pasado son conocidos como _____ y se encuentran en capas de rocas sedimentarias.

    <p>fósiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • Living things are organized by cells, which are the fundamental units.
    • Growth and development involve increases in cell size, cell number, or both.
    • Metabolism is the process organisms use to acquire necessary materials and energy for maintenance, growth, and reproduction.
    • Homeostasis involves regulating temperature, pH, water content, and electrolyte balance.
    • Response to stimuli is a characteristic of living things.
    • Reproduction and heredity involve passing characteristics from one generation to the next.
    • Adaptation and evolution are key aspects of living things.
    • Cells are the basic functional and structural units of life.
    • Unicellular organisms consist of one cell (e.g., prokaryotes).
    • Multicellular organisms consist of multiple cells (e.g., eukaryotes).
    • Cellular DNA is protected by the nucleus in eukaryotes, while in prokaryotes it is dispersed.
    • Cells vary in size and shape, and have different functions.

    The Cell

    • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living organisms.
    • Cells are different in size, shape and function.
    • Cells have a similar chemical composition, with carbon being the key element for life.
    • Cells can be unicellular (one cell) or multicellular (multiple cells).
    • Robert Hooke (1665) first observed cells in cork using a microscope.
    • The cell theory states that all organisms are composed of cells and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cells have different structures and functions, based on their role in the organism.
    • Cells have similar chemical compositions.
    • Examples of cell components mentioned include cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles.
    • There are several components that can be present, but not all cells will contain all of them.

    Biomolecules

    • Biomolecules are the molecules that make up living organisms.
    • They are composed of different elements, such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
    • Examples of biomolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
    • These have different functions and structures in the cell.

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for the body.
    • Different types of carbohydrates exist, varying in structure and complexity, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
    • Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates.
    • Disaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides linked together.
    • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates that are composed of many monosaccharides linked together.

    Lipids

    • Lipids are a diverse group of biomolecules that are insoluble in water.
    • Fats, phospholipids, and steroids are important types of lipids.
    • Fats are used to store energy, and phospholipids can form membranes.
    • Steroids have structural and regulatory roles in the body.

    Proteins

    • Proteins are essential for many cellular functions, and are polymers of amino acids
    • Important functions include structural support, catalyzing reactions , transporting molecules and more.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that code genetic information.
    • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are two important types of nucleic acids.
    • DNA stores the genetic instructions for building proteins and other molecules.
    • RNA helps in the process of protein synthesis.

    The Cell Membrane(or Plasmatic Membrane)

    • All cells are enclosed by a cell membrane, a thin lipid bilayer that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment.
    • Phospholipids are a major component forming a double layer, with their hydrophobic tails facing inwards and their hydrophilic heads facing outwards.
    • Proteins are embedded within the membrane, enabling specific transport of substances into and out of the cell.
    • Fluid mosaic model describes the dynamic nature of the cell membrane.
    • Cholesterol and carbohydrates are also associated to maintain the cell's structure and function.
    • Passive transport processes across the cell membrane include diffusion and osmosis.
    • Active transport mechanism moves molecules against their concentration gradient requiring energy from the cell

    Cell Organelles

    • Cells have many organelles, tiny structures with specific roles within the cell.
    • Examples of organelles include mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
    • Each organelle plays a specialized role in the cell in a wide variety of functions such as respiration, building proteins and digestion.

    Cell Division

    • Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
    • Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces genetically identical daughter cells.
    • Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces genetically diverse daughter cells.

    Genetics

    • Genetics is the study of heredity and variation in organisms.
    • Genes are the basic units of heredity, containing instructions for building proteins.
    • Mendel's laws describe the principles of inheritance, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment.
    • Different patterns of inheritance exist, aside from Mendelian inheritance.

    Evolution

    • Evolution is the process by which species change over time.
    • Natural selection is the driving force of evolution, favoring traits that increase an organism's fitness.
    • Evidence for evolution includes the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.
    • Organisms of different types or species can be compared structurally, molecularly and developmentally.

    Ecology

    • Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
    • Ecosystems are composed of biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components.
    • Food chains and food webs describe the flow of energy and nutrients within ecosystems.
    • Biodiversity and different trophic levels are part of an ecosystem.
    • Energy flows through the ecosystem (the sun is the primary energy source), and matter cycles within ecosystems.

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    Description

    Este cuestionario abarca conceptos fundamentales sobre las células eucariotas y procariotas, la teoría celular y las características de los seres vivos. También se exploran los aportes de científicos como Louis Pasteur en la comprensión de la biología. Prepárate para poner a prueba tus conocimientos sobre la vida y la organización celular.

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